•Biogas potential of hazelnut wastes and hazelnut shell residue in Giresun was evaluated.•Giresun city of the total electricity production potential of the biomass sources was 38.21 GW h/year.•The ...biogas potential of Giresun, which can be produced from these wastes, reduces CO2 emissions by 273,954 tons.
In recent years, the world's natural energy resources unable to meet the increasing energy needs. In Turkey and in the world, there is an increasing need for renewable energy. One of the renewable energy sources is biogas energy. In this study, the biogas potential of Giresun, which is also known as coastal city, can be formed from 2 different organic wastes are experimentally calculated. Organic wastes included in the calculation; hazelnut shells (HS) and hazelnut wastes (HW). Production experiments were investigated in two ways: untreated and thermal pretreatment. In addition, biogas yield was examined at room temperature (23 °C), at mesophilic temperature (39 °C), and at thermophilic temperature (60 °C). As a result, the highest biogas yield was found at temperatures of 60 °C and under thermal pretreatment conditions. Under these conditions, annual biogas production potential of Giresun city was found as 38.21 GW h/yr.
In this study, anaerobic co‐digestion was investigated for mixtures of walnut shells (WS) and cattle manure (CM), which are lignocellulosic wastes, in various different carbon: nitrogen (C/N) ratios. ...The best mixing ratio for WS and CM in anaerobic digestion (AD) was determined to be 1:3, offering a methane yield of 173.2 ml/g volatile solid (VS)added. Effects of various alkaline pretreatments including calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) were studied in the concentration range 1–5% wt/wt for the best mixing ratio of WS and CM. The optimal KOH and NaOH concentrations were each found to be 4%, giving methane yields of 312.6 ± 5.1 and 342.5 ± 9.6 ml/g VSadded, respectively, where these yields were found to increase by 80.5 and 97.2%, respectively, compared to the control reactor. By contrast, a 3% Ca(OH)2 concentration was found to increase the methane yield by 67% compared to the untreated reactor. NaOH pretreatments resulted in relatively higher lignocellulosic solubilization and soluble chemical oxygen demand compared to KOH and Ca(OH)2 pretreatments. This study contributes to our understanding of the alkaline pretreatment in taking advantage of CM and WS for methane productions in future applications.
In this study, anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge with different ultrasonic pretreatment (USp) conditions was investigated. USp were applied at a constant ultrasonic density of 0.5 W/mL with ...sonication times of 0–240 min. While the methane yield of the untreated (control) reactor was 170.1 ± 4.7 mL/g volatile solids (VS), the highest methane yield was 266.1 ± 7.5 mL/g VS in the reactor where sonication was applied for 120 min. Actual specific energy input (SEA)/nominal specific energy input (SEN) ratios after USps were measured for pretreatment yield. These values varied between 77.0 and 14.87% according to different sonication times. Sonication times of more than 30 min did not significantly increase the methane yield due to possible reflocculation. After the USps, various cumulative methane yields were predicted via the modified Gompertz Model, modified Logistic Model, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model (Scenario 1); of these the ANN model made predictions that were closest to the experimental data. In the other part of the study, ANN was trained by experimental pretreatment conditions and methane yields were successfully predicted by taking different USp parameters (different sonication times, SEA values and incremental soluble chemical oxygen demand % values) as input variables (Scenarios 2, 3 and 4). Regression analyses showed values close to 1, indicating that the prediction of the ANN model correlated linearly with experimental data.
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•Anaerobic digestion of ultrasonic pretreated sewage sludge was investigated.•Pretreatments were applied at 0.5 W/mL and in the range of 0.5–240 min.•Sonication of more than 30 min did not significantly increase the methane yields.•The cumulative methane yields were predicted via Artificial Neural Network model.
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•Biomethane yield of untreated chestnut shells was 79.1 mL/g VS.•Incremental biomethane yield can be achieved after alkali-thermal pretreatment.•Alkali-thermal and ultrasonic ...pretreatments provided lignocellulosic removal.•Modified Gompertz and Logistic models simulated the biomethane yields.
The high fiber content of chestnut shells (CS) makes biomethane production inefficient when using the anaerobic digestion (AD) method. Therefore, this study has evaluated for the first time the combined effect of alkaline-thermal (AT) and mild ultrasonic (US) pretreatments prior to the AD of CS. The cumulative biomethane yields (CMY) of untreated and pretreated (4% NaOH + 100 °C thermal + US) CS were 79.10 ± 7.9 and 266.9 ± 9.3 mL CH4/g VS, respectively. The effects of the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass at different intensities were interpreted according to amounts of lignocellulosic solubilization, soluble chemical oxygen demand/total chemical oxygen demand, and scanning electron microscope images. Solubilization of the lignin from CS with pretreatments varied between 44.5 and 65.6% w/w. The use of AT pretreatments, together with US pretreatments, successfully increased the solubility of lignocellulosic compounds compared to the first case, whilst CMYs showed a positive correlation with lignocellulosic solubilization amounts. After pretreatments, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were measured in the anaerobic process, from which the highest VFA was measured to be 1555 ± 108 mg HAc L-1, well below the appropriate value for AD (≤8000 mg HAc L-1). After pretreatments, the CMYs were successfully simulated by the modified Gompertz and Logistic model (R2 = 0.942–0.984). This study presents a promising strategy in the sense that the biomethane yield of CS containing large amounts of fiber can be significantly increased by combined AT and mild US pretreatment methods.
Today, energy demand has become one of the important problems. The rapid growth of the world population and the development of the industry have increased the need for energy. The vast majority of ...the world's energy needs come from natural energy sources. But the limited availability of these energy sources has led people to search for renewable energy sources. One of these renewable energy sources is biogas energy. Biogas is a gas mixture of organic substances formed by anaerobic microorganisms under anaerobic conditions at certain temperature conditions. It is flammable due to the presence of methane (CH4) gas in average 65% by volume in the biogas. Other gases outside the methane in the biogas are undesirable gases. Biogas purified from unwanted gasses is the natural gas used today. Biogas production gains importance in terms of disposal of organic materials. Black Sea Region in our country, due to the disadvantage of the geographical location and the lack of settlements has been very difficult to store the landfill. Biogas production in the Black Sea Region is gaining importance in terms of eliminating these wastes and obtaining energy. In this study, biogas potential of kitchen wastes of provinces in Black Sea Region was determined. The highest biogas potential of the Black Sea Region was found to be 51 163.20 m3 / day in Samsun province. The biogas potential of the kitchen wastes in the Black Sea Region was 296 015.18 m3/day.
Sorafenib, a multiple kinase inhibitor, is widely used as a first-line treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. However, there is a need for more effective alternatives when sorafenib proves ...insufficient. In this study, we aimed to design a structure that surpasses sorafenib's efficacy, leading us to synthesize sorafenib-ruthenium complexes for the first time and investigate their properties. Our results indicate that the sorafenib-ruthenium complexes exhibit superior epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition compared to sorafenib alone. Interestingly, among these complexes,
demonstrated high activity against various cancer cell lines including sorafenib-resistant HepG2 cells while exhibiting significantly lower cytotoxicity than sorafenib in healthy cell lines. Further evaluation of cell cycle, cell apoptosis, and antiangiogenic effects, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics studies revealed that
holds great potential as a drug candidate. Additionally, when free
was encapsulated into polymeric micelles
, enhanced cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells was observed. Collectively, these findings position
as a promising candidate for EGFR inhibition and warrant further exploration for drug development purposes.
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•Anaerobic digestion of hazelnut husks was investigated by NaOH pretreatment.•NaOH pretreatments were effectively enhanced methane yields.•The highest methane yield was ...278.45 ± 7.85 mL/g VS after 4% NaOH pretreatment.•PAA, PAM, PI, PDM and PDA were defined on cumulative methane yields.
In this study, anaerobic digestion (AD) of hazelnut (Corylus colurna) husks (HH) was investigated by NaOH pretreatment at 1–6% w/w concentrations. The highest methane yield was 278.45 ± 7.85 mL/g volatile solid (VS), and this was obtained in a 4% NaOH pretreated reactor. In this reactor, the methane yield increased by 162.2% compared to that in the control. The concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) varied during the digestion process according to the different NaOH pretreatment results. The highest lignosellulosic solubilizations were obtained in a 6% NaOH pretreated reactor. Furthermore, in the second part of kinetic studies, it was defined critical points for cumulative methane yield (CMY) in the Logistic model (LM). These points were the absolute acceleration point (PAA), maximum acceleration point (PAM), inflection point (PI), maximum deceleration point (PDM), and asymptotic deceleration point (PDA). Using these points on the CMY curves, the AD process of HH was mathematically interpreted and explained.
Abstract Within the contemporary urban development discourse, the paradigm of smart cities has gained prominence over the past two decades. Ensuring sustainability in smart cities requires coherent ...orchestration of processes that span design, construction, operations, and management. Central to this orchestration are technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), which provides detailed architectural data, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), which provide comprehensive geographic intelligence. However, a significant challenge remains: data degradation during BIM-GIS integration. This data inconsistency, exacerbated by the different data structures of BIM and GIS, is a barrier to true interoperability. One promising solution to this conundrum is the use of Semantic Web technologies. In this study, we leverage Semantic Linked Data and geometric conversion tools to develop an algorithm that mitigates the loss of semantic information during the BIM-to-GIS conversion process. The effectiveness of this approach is underscored by a 95% accuracy rate of the converted semantic information.
Anaerobic digestion (AD) of walnut shells (WS) results in only a limited biomethane yield because of their high fibre content, which ultimately represents an essentially nonbiodegradable ...lignocellulosic biomass. In the present study, thermal (i.e. 50–250 °C), alkaline (i.e. 1–5% w/w NaOH) and combined alkaline-thermal (i.e. 4% w/w NaOH + 150 °C thermal) pretreatment methods have been applied to increase the anaerobic biodegradation of WS. The highest biomethane yields of 159.9 ± 6.8 mL CH
4
.g VS
–1
and 169.8 ± 6.8 mL CH
4
.g VS
-1
were achieved after pretreatment at both 250 °C and with 4% NaOH. After combined NaOH-thermal pretreatments, the AD process showed the largest total VFA concentration (i.e. 1280.1 mg Hac L
–1
) but a relatively high lag phase (i.e. 3.90 days) compared to thermal and NaOH pretreatments alone, from which the highest biomethane yield (i.e. 192.4 ± 8.2 mL CH
4
.g VS
-1
) was achieved at the end of the AD process. The highest biomethane yield from the combined NaOH-thermal pretreated WS was corroborated by the corresponding highest SCOD/TCOD ratio (i.e. 0.37 ± 0.02) and the highest lignocellulosic fibre removal (i.e. 41.1 ± 2.7% cellulose, 35.6 ± 1.8% hemicellulose, and 58.7 ± 3.2% lignin). The cumulative biomethane yields were further simulated via a modified Gompertz model. This study provides a promising strategy in the sense that the biomethane yield of WS containing large amounts of lignin can be significantly increased via thermal, NaOH, and combined NaOH-thermal pretreatment methods.
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