Beliefs about the malleability of attributes, also known as mindsets, have been studied for decades in social-personality psychology and education. Here, I review the many applications of mindset ...theory to clinical psychology and psychotherapy. First, I review social psychological and cognitive neuroscience evidence that mindsets and mindset-related messages are, to a large extent, focused on emotional tolerance. Specifically, the growth mindset, or the belief that attributes are malleable, encourages confronting and tolerating anxiety, frustration, and disappointment in healthy and adaptive ways that promote resilience, whereas the fixed mindset and related messages discourage the experience of these emotions and often leads to helplessness. Second, I review the emerging research on the anxiety mindset and discuss its relevance to clinical work. A model is proposed illustrating connections between mindsets, emotion regulation strategies, treatment preferences, and outcomes. Case examples are used to illustrate practical applications. I conclude that mindsets can inform psychotherapy, research, and public policy.
•Mindsets of intelligence and anxiety relate to psychological symptoms.•Mindsets differentially predict willingness to tolerate discomfort.•A model linking the anxiety mindset to distress is proposed.•Case studies are used to illustrate practical applications of mindsets.•Mindsets can inform public narratives of mental illness.
Over the past century phosphorus (P) has accumulated in Danish agricultural soils. We examined the soil P content and the degree of P saturation in acid oxalate (DPS) in 337 agricultural soil ...profiles and 32 soil profiles from deciduous forests sampled at 0–0.25, 0.25–0.50, 0.50–0.75 and 0.75–1.00m in the nationwide 7km Grid System in Denmark. Changes in soil P content between 1987 and 1998 at 0–0.25 and 0.25–0.50m were also examined in 337 and 335 agricultural soil profiles, respectively. Compared to forest soils, the agricultural soils contained more total P down to 0.75m depth (264mgPkg−1, or 88% more at 0–0.25m depth, 191mgPkg−1 or 82% more at 0.25–0.50m depth and 120mgPkg−1 or 63% more at 0.50–0.75m depth). The mean degrees of phosphorus saturation (DPS) of the agricultural soils were 32, 23 and 15% in the three upper soil layers, which were approximately twice as high as at the corresponding depths of deciduous forest soils. Between 1987 and 1998 total soil P content in the agricultural soils increased at both 0–0.25 and 0.25–0.50m depth. On average, the increase corresponded to an annual accumulation of c. 25kgPha−1, with the increase fairly equally divided between the two soil layers. The accumulation corresponds with the national P surplus of c. 20kgPha−1 calculated from national statistics. This investigation shows that long-term surplus P fertilisation of agricultural soils has resulted in P accumulation to at least 0.75m depth. The paper discusses the potential importance of leaching, deep tillage, erosion and bioturbation for the observed accumulation of P in the subsoil.
•Phosphorus enrichment was observed to 0.75m depth in Danish agricultural soils.•Half of the P surplus added in recent time had accumulated below the plow layer.•Leaching, deep tillage, tillage erosion and bioturbation redistribute P in soil.
Objective
To investigate prevalence and recovery of olfactory dysfunction (OD) in COVID‐19 patients according to the disease severity.
Methods
From 22 March to 3 June 2020, 2581 COVID‐19 patients ...were identified from 18 European hospitals. Epidemiological and clinical data were extracted at baseline and within the 2‐month post‐infection.
Results
The prevalence of OD was significantly higher in mild form (85.9%) compared with moderate‐to‐critical forms (4.5–6.9%; P = 0.001). Of the 1916 patients with OD, 1363 completed the evaluations (71.1%). A total of 328 patients (24.1%) did not subjectively recover olfaction 60 days after the onset of the dysfunction. The mean duration of self‐reported OD was 21.6 ± 17.9 days. Objective olfactory evaluations identified hyposmia/anosmia in 54.7% and 36.6% of mild and moderate‐to‐critical forms, respectively (P = 0.001). At 60 days and 6 months, 15.3% and 4.7% of anosmic/hyposmic patients did not objectively recover olfaction, respectively. The higher baseline severity of objective olfactory evaluations was strongly predictive of persistent OD (P < 0.001).
Conclusion
OD is more prevalent in mild COVID‐19 forms than in moderate‐to‐critical forms. OD disappeared in 95% of patients regarding objective olfactory evaluations at 6 months.
Context-induced relapse to drug seeking: a review Crombag, Hans S; Bossert, Jennifer M; Koya, Eisuke ...
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological sciences,
10/2008, Letnik:
363, Številka:
1507
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In humans, exposure to environmental contexts previously associated with drug intake often provokes relapse to drug use, but the mechanisms mediating this relapse are unknown. Based on early studies ...by Bouton & Bolles on context-induced 'renewal' of learned behaviours, we developed a procedure to study context-induced relapse to drug seeking. In this procedure, rats are first trained to self-administer drug in one context. Next, drug-reinforced lever responding is extinguished in a different (non-drug) context. Subsequently, context-induced reinstatement of drug seeking is assessed by re-exposing rats to the drug-associated context. Using variations of this procedure, we and others reported reliable context-induced reinstatement in rats with a history of heroin, cocaine, heroin-cocaine combination, alcohol and nicotine self-administration. Here, we first discuss potential psychological mechanisms of context-induced reinstatement, including excitatory and inhibitory Pavlovian conditioning, and occasion setting. We then summarize results from pharmacological and neuroanatomical studies on the role of several neurotransmitter systems (dopamine, glutamate, serotonin and opioids) and brain areas (ventral tegmental area, accumbens shell, dorsal striatum, basolateral amygdala, prefrontal cortex, dorsal hippocampus and lateral hypothalamus) in context-induced reinstatement. We conclude by discussing the clinical implications of rat studies on context-induced reinstatement of drug seeking.
Research involving event-related brain potentials has revealed that anxiety is associated with enhanced error monitoring, as reflected in increased amplitude of the error-related negativity (ERN). ...The nature of the relationship between anxiety and error monitoring is unclear, however. Through meta-analysis and a critical review of the literature, we argue that anxious apprehension/worry is the dimension of anxiety most closely associated with error monitoring. Although, overall, anxiety demonstrated a robust, "small-to-medium" relationship with enhanced ERN (r = -0.25), studies employing measures of anxious apprehension show a threefold greater effect size estimate (r = -0.35) than those utilizing other measures of anxiety (r = -0.09). Our conceptual framework helps explain this more specific relationship between anxiety and enhanced ERN and delineates the unique roles of worry, conflict processing, and modes of cognitive control. Collectively, our analysis suggests that enhanced ERN in anxiety results from the interplay of a decrease in processes supporting active goal maintenance and a compensatory increase in processes dedicated to transient reactivation of task goals on an as-needed basis when salient events (i.e., errors) occur.
Evidence that cell transplants can improve recovery outcomes in spinal cord injury (SCI) models substantiates treatment strategies involving cell replacement for humans with SCI. Most pre-clinical ...studies of cell replacement in SCI examine thoracic injury models. However, as most human injuries occur at the cervical level, it is critical to assess potential treatments in cervical injury models and examine their effectiveness using at-level histological and functional measures. To directly address cervical SCI, we used a C5 midline contusion injury model and assessed the efficacy of a candidate therapeutic for thoracic SCI in this cervical model. The contusion generates reproducible, bilateral movement and histological deficits, although a number of injury parameters such as acute severity of injury, affected gray-to-white matter ratio, extent of endogenous remyelination, and at-level locomotion deficits do not correspond with these parameters in thoracic SCI. On the basis of reported benefits in thoracic SCI, we transplanted human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into this cervical model. hESC-derived OPC transplants attenuated lesion pathogenesis and improved recovery of forelimb function. Histological effects of transplantation included robust white and gray matter sparing at the injury epicenter and, in particular, preservation of motor neurons that correlated with movement recovery. These findings further our understanding of the histopathology and functional outcomes of cervical SCI, define potential therapeutic targets, and support the use of these cells as a treatment for cervical SCI.
Depression is often framed as a disease or dysfunctional syndrome, yet this framing has unintended negative consequences including increased stigma. Here, we consider an alternative messaging ...framework – that depression serves an adaptive function. We describe the historical development of popular messages about depression and draw from the fields of evolutionary psychiatry and social cognition to describe the alternative framework that depression is a “signal” that serves a purpose. We then present data from a pre-registered, online randomized-controlled study in which participants with self-reported depression histories viewed a series of videos that explained depression as a “disease like any other” with known biopsychosocial risk factors (BPS condition), or as a signal that serves an adaptive function (Signal condition). In the entire sample (N = 877), three of the six hypotheses were supported: The Signal condition led to less self-stigma, greater offset efficacy, and more adaptive beliefs about depression. Exploratory analyses revealed these Signal effects were stronger among females (N = 553), who also showed a greater growth mindset of depression after the Signal explanation. Results suggest that framing depression as an adaptive signal can benefit patients and avoid harmful consequences of popular etiological presentations. We conclude that alternative framings of depression are worthy of further study.
•Depression is often discussed as a medical disorder.•This framework has some benefits but also has some drawbacks.•We compared the disease framework to a novel framing of depression as a signal.•Framing depression as a signal led to less stigma and more hope about recovery.•Framing depression as a signal had no impact on treatment attitudes.
Abstract The copulatory organs of many animal groups exhibit a high degree of morphological complexity and diversity that is thought to have evolved on the basis of different selective mechanisms, ...including lock-and-key mechanism, pleiotropy, sperm competition, internal courtship, and female choice. Identifying the effects of these different selective mechanisms on the copulatory organs is one of the central topics of the study of sexual selection. To tackle this challenge, knowledge of the functions of all parts of the copulatory organs is indispensable. Here we study the functional morphology of the gonopods (male copulatory organs) and vulvae (female copulatory organs) in the odontopygid millipede Spinotarsus sp. (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Odontopygidae). While the vulvae of female odontopygids are rather simple, male gonopods are complex, walking leg-derived copulatory organs that exhibit many movable sub-parts. Using X-ray microscopy-based 3D reconstruction, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and mating observations, we revise the functional morphology of odontopygid gonopods, propose biological roles, and evaluate the possible involvement of different selective mechanisms underlying their evolution.
Patients with glioblastoma currently do not sufficiently benefit from recent breakthroughs in cancer treatment that use checkpoint inhibitors
. For treatments using checkpoint inhibitors to be ...successful, a high mutational load and responses to neoepitopes are thought to be essential
. There is limited intratumoural infiltration of immune cells
in glioblastoma and these tumours contain only 30-50 non-synonymous mutations
. Exploitation of the full repertoire of tumour antigens-that is, both unmutated antigens and neoepitopes-may offer more effective immunotherapies, especially for tumours with a low mutational load. Here, in the phase I trial GAPVAC-101 of the Glioma Actively Personalized Vaccine Consortium (GAPVAC), we integrated highly individualized vaccinations with both types of tumour antigens into standard care to optimally exploit the limited target space for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Fifteen patients with glioblastomas positive for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*02:01 or HLA-A*24:02 were treated with a vaccine (APVAC1) derived from a premanufactured library of unmutated antigens followed by treatment with APVAC2, which preferentially targeted neoepitopes. Personalization was based on mutations and analyses of the transcriptomes and immunopeptidomes of the individual tumours. The GAPVAC approach was feasible and vaccines that had poly-ICLC (polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid-poly-L-lysine carboxymethylcellulose) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as adjuvants displayed favourable safety and strong immunogenicity. Unmutated APVAC1 antigens elicited sustained responses of central memory CD8
T cells. APVAC2 induced predominantly CD4
T cell responses of T helper 1 type against predicted neoepitopes.
The DSM provides distinct criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and various types of anxiety disorders, but phenomenological overlap, high rates of comorbidity, and early onset suggest ...common underlying mechanisms. This notion is further supported by use of the same treatments—cognitive behavioral therapy and serotonin reuptake inhibitor medication—for managing both OCD and non-OCD anxiety disorders in clinical settings. While early intervention with these gold standard treatments is recommended for pediatric OCD and anxiety disorders, young patients often remain symptomatic even after treatment. To guide the development of novel, mechanistically targeted treatments to better resolve OCD and anxiety symptoms, the identification of neural circuits underlying psychological constructs with relevance across disorders has been recommended. One construct that may be relevant for understanding pediatric OCD and anxiety disorders is cognitive control, given the difficulty that young patients experience in dismissing obsessions, compulsions, and worry despite recognition that these symptoms are excessive and unreasonable. In this review, we examine findings from a growing body of literature implicating brain-behavioral markers of cognitive control in pediatric OCD and anxiety disorders, including before and after treatment. We conclude by suggesting that interventions designed to enhance the functioning of the task control circuits underlying cognitive control may facilitate brain maturation to help affected youth overcome symptoms.
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