In this report, we describe the first isolation of two highly terbinafine (TRF)-resistant
Trichophyton interdigitale
-like strains from a Nepali patient and an Indian patient with tinea corporis in ...Japan. These strains (designated NUBS19006 and NUBS19007) exhibited a TRF minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of > 32 mg/L and contained a missense mutation (Phe397Leu) in squalene epoxidase (
SQLE
) gene. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences amplified from the isolates (NUBS19006 and NUBS19007) were 99.5% identical to Japanese isolates of
T. interdigitale
and
T. interdigitale
strain CBS 428.63. The homology of region sequences were also 97.6% identical to
T. mentagrophytes
strain CBS 318.56. Moreover, the ITS sequences amplified from the isolates were 100% identical to highly TRF-resistant strains of
T. interdigitale
, which were isolated in Delhi, India, and harbored mutations in
SQLE
. The urease test on Christensen’s urease agar was positive for
T. mentagrophytes
and
T. interdigitale
after 7 days of incubation. On the other hand, the type strain of
T. rubrum
CBS 100081
T
and highly TRF-resistant strains (NUBS19006 and NUBS19007) were negative on Christensen urease agar after 7 and 14 days of incubation. Moreover, NUBS19006 and NUBS19007 were also negative reaction on the hair perforation test. To avoid confusion in the taxonomy of the
T. mentagrophytes
/
T. interdigitale
complex, we suggest that the highly TRF-resistant Indian strains be considered a new species independent of
T. interdigitale
, according to clinical and mycological features.
Mast cells are present in all vascularized tissues of the body. They are especially abundant in tissues that are in frequent contact with the surrounding environment and act as potential sources of ...inflammatory and/or regulatory mediators during development of various infections and diseases. Mature mast cells’ cytoplasm contains numerous granules that store a variety of chemical mediators, cytokines, proteoglycans, and proteases. Mast cells are activated
via
various cell surface receptors, including FcϵRI, toll-like receptors (TLR), Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2), and cytokine receptors. IgE-mediated mast cell activation results in release of histamine and other contents of their granules into the extracellular environment, contributing to host defense against pathogens. TLRs, play a crucial role in host defense against various types of pathogens by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns. On the other hand, excessive/inappropriate mast cell activation can cause various disorders. Here, we review the published literature regarding the known and potential inflammatory and regulatory roles of mast cells in cutaneous inflammation, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and contact dermatitis GVHD, as well as in host defense against pathogens.
Malassezia spp. are lipophilic fungi that occur on all skin surfaces of humans and animals as commensal and pathogenic organisms. In the 2000s, several new species were added to the Malassezia genus ...by Japanese researchers. The genus Malassezia now includes 14 species of basidiomycetous yeast. Culture‐independent molecular analysis clearly demonstrated that the DNA of Malassezia spp. was predominantly detected in core body and arm sites, suggesting that they are the dominant fungal flora of the human body. Malassezia spp. have been implicated in skin diseases including pityriasis versicolor (PV), Malassezia folliculitis (MF), seborrheic dermatitis (SD) and atopic dermatitis (AD). While Malassezia spp. are directly responsible for the infectious diseases, PV and MF, they act as an exacerbating factor in AD and SD. The fatty acids generated by Malassezia lipase can induce inflammation of the skin, resulting in development of SD. Patch and serum immunoglobulin E tests revealed that AD patients were hypersensitive to Malassezia. However, these findings only partially elucidated the mechanism by which Malassezia spp. induce inflammation in the skin; understanding of the pathogenetic role of Malassezia spp. in SD or AD remains incomplete. In this article, the latest findings of Malassezia research are reviewed with special attention to skin diseases.
Few effective treatments are available for male pattern hair loss (MPHL) or, especially, for female pattern hair loss (FPHL). Recently, cell-based therapies using autologous or allogeneic cells have ...been used clinically.
We examined the safety and efficacy of autologous cell–based therapy using dermal sheath cup (DSC) cells to treat MPHL and FPHL.
DSCs dissected from occipital hair follicles were cultured to manufacture DSC cells. Participants with MPHL or FPHL received single injections of 7.5 × 106, 1.5 × 106, or 3.0 × 105 DSC cells or a placebo in 4 randomized separate regions on the scalp, and hair densities and diameters were measured for 3, 6, 9, and 12 months.
Fifty men and 15 women aged 33 to 64 years were injected with DSC cells. Total hair density and cumulative hair diameter at the 3.0 × 105 DSC cells injection site was significantly increased compared with the placebo after 6 and 9 months. Men and women showed similar improvements, and there were no serious adverse events.
No lower cell numbers were tested, and the positive effect was temporary until 9 months.
The results suggest that cell therapy with autologous DSC cells may be useful as a new therapeutic method for treating MPHL and FPHL.
Terbinafine (TRF)-resistant Trichophyton interdigitale and Trichophyton rubrum have been isolated from human patients. These strains have missense mutations (Leu393Ser/Phe or Phe397Leu) in the ...squalene epoxidase-encoding gene, SQLE. We developed a PCR detection method to identify hotspot mutation sites in SQLE genes of dermatophytes. To sequence hotspots in isolates, we prepared primers based on conserved sequences of T. rubrum and T. interdigitale SQLEs. Approximately 390-bp long DNA bands for T. rubrum, T. interdigitale, and Trichophyton indotineae strains were sequenced. Hotspots were detected only in TRF-resistant strains. This PCR-based method is simpler and more rapid than the conventional test.
Terbinafine (TRF) has been used in the treatment of fungal infections for more than 20 years. Recently, TRF‐resistant Trichophyton interdigitale and T. rubrum strains have been isolated from human ...patients worldwide. However, an epidemiological study of TRF‐resistant strains in Japanese patients has not been investigated. In the present study, antifungal susceptibility testing was performed on clinical isolates from Japanese patients to assess TRF‐resistance patterns of T. interdigitale and T. rubrum strains. We also sequenced the squalene epoxidase (SQLE) encoding gene of TRF‐resistant T. rubrum strains. Two hundred and ten T. interdigitale and T. rubrum clinical isolates were obtained from 210 human cases of tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea unguium, tinea cruris, tinea manuum, tinea faciei and tinea capitis in Tokyo, Saitama, Chiba, Hyogo and Kumamoto, Japan, in 2020. Five T. rubrum isolates (N74, N79, N99, H30 and K2) grew on Sabouraud's dextrose agar (SDA) containing 1 mg/L of TRF. All five strains exhibited TRF minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ≥32 mg/L but remained susceptible to azoles. We determined SQLE sequences in these TRF‐resistant T. rubrum strains and found that all strains harbored missense mutations (L393F) in the SQLE‐encoding gene.
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