•HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database is described.•Dynamic web interface at www.hitran.org is introduced.•HITRAN Application Programming Interface is introduced.•Substantial extent of the ...amount and quality of the data highlighted.•Many new spectroscopic parameters are now available in HITRAN.
This paper describes the contents of the 2016 edition of the HITRAN molecular spectroscopic compilation. The new edition replaces the previous HITRAN edition of 2012 and its updates during the intervening years. The HITRAN molecular absorption compilation is composed of five major components: the traditional line-by-line spectroscopic parameters required for high-resolution radiative-transfer codes, infrared absorption cross-sections for molecules not yet amenable to representation in a line-by-line form, collision-induced absorption data, aerosol indices of refraction, and general tables such as partition sums that apply globally to the data. The new HITRAN is greatly extended in terms of accuracy, spectral coverage, additional absorption phenomena, added line-shape formalisms, and validity. Moreover, molecules, isotopologues, and perturbing gases have been added that address the issues of atmospheres beyond the Earth. Of considerable note, experimental IR cross-sections for almost 300 additional molecules important in different areas of atmospheric science have been added to the database. The compilation can be accessed through www.hitran.org. Most of the HITRAN data have now been cast into an underlying relational database structure that offers many advantages over the long-standing sequential text-based structure. The new structure empowers the user in many ways. It enables the incorporation of an extended set of fundamental parameters per transition, sophisticated line-shape formalisms, easy user-defined output formats, and very convenient searching, filtering, and plotting of data. A powerful application programming interface making use of structured query language (SQL) features for higher-level applications of HITRAN is also provided.
We demonstrate that a previously proposed model opens the route for the inclusion of refined non-Voigt profiles in spectroscopic databases and atmospheric radiative transfer codes. Indeed, this model ...fulfills many essential requirements: (i) it takes both velocity changes and the speed dependences of the pressure-broadening and -shifting coefficients into account. (ii) It leads to accurate descriptions of the line shapes of very different molecular systems. Tests made for pure H2, CO2 and O2 and for H2O diluted in N2 show that residuals are down to ≃0.2% of the peak absorption, (except for the untypical system of H2 where a maximum residual of ±3% is reached), thus fulfilling the precision requirements of the most demanding remote sensing experiments. (iii) It is based on a limited set of parameters for each absorption line that have known dependences on pressure and can thus be stored in databases. (iv) Its calculation requires very reasonable computer costs, only a few times higher than that of a usual Voigt profile. Its inclusion in radiative transfer codes will thus induce bearable CPU time increases. (v) It can be extended in order to take line-mixing effects into account, at least within the so-called first-order approximation.
•An isolated spectral profile model for non-Voigt effects is presented.•The model takes both velocity changes and the speed dependences effects into account.•It leads to accurate descriptions of the line shapes of very different molecular systems.•It can be calculated with reasonable computer costs.•It can be extended in order to take line-mixing effects into account.
We propose a physically-based methodology for sea-surface skin-temperature (SST) retrievals from daytime spectra recorded by the hyperspectral Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI). The ...approach, which takes sun light into account, minimizes the differences between measured and computed radiances at numerous points within two windows centered near 3.7 and 4.0 μm. We demonstrate that, even when the solar contribution is large, with brightness temperatures increased by several tens of kelvin at the shortest wavelengths, very consistent SSTs are retrieved in both windows. Furthermore, the values obtained are, after correction for the cool-skin effect, in excellent agreement (<0.05 K on average) with the in-situ measurements of the depth temperature provided by nearby drifters. This opens renewed perspectives for daytime SST determinations from space, since the IASI mid-infrared windows used here provide SSTs that are, with respect to those retrieved around 9 and 11 μm, much less sensitive to errors in the computed radiative contribution of water vapor.
•SST retrievals using daytime spectra from the infrared hyperspectral sounder IASI.•Successful use of mid-infrared wavelengths despite large contributions of solar light.•High consistency and accuracy of the temperatures retrieved from wavelengths between 3.6 and 4.0 μm.
The column‐average dry air mole fractions of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane and are inferred from observations of backscattered sunlight conducted by the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite ...(GOSAT). Comparing the first year of GOSAT retrievals over land with colocated ground‐based observations of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), we find an average difference (bias) of −0.05% and −0.30% for and with a station‐to‐station variability (standard deviation of the bias) of 0.37% and 0.26% among the 6 considered TCCON sites. The root‐mean square deviation of the bias‐corrected satellite retrievals from colocated TCCON observations amounts to 2.8 ppm for and 0.015 ppm for Without any data averaging, the GOSAT records reproduce general source/sink patterns such as the seasonal cycle of suggesting the use of the satellite retrievals for constraining surface fluxes.
Key Points
Improved quality of XCO2 and XCH4 satellite retrievals due to refined methods
Source/sink patterns are dentifiable in the data record without averaging
Constrained surface flux modeling is the logical next step
Almost 30% of all acute myeloid leukemias (AML) are associated with an internal tandem duplication (ITD) in the juxtamembrane domain of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 receptor (FLT3). Patients with ...FLT3-ITD mutations tend to have a poor prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have a pivotal role in myeloid differentiation and leukemia. MiRNA-155 (MiR-155) was found to be upregulated in FLT3-ITD-associated AMLs. In this study, we discovered that FLT3-ITD signaling induces the oncogenic miR-155. We show in vitro and in vivo that miR-155 expression is regulated by FLT3-ITD downstream targets nuclear factor-κB (p65) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5). Further, we demonstrate that miR-155 targets the myeloid transcription factor PU.1. Knockdown of miR-155 or overexpression of PU.1 blocks proliferation and induces apoptosis of FLT3-ITD-associated leukemic cells. Our data demonstrate a novel network in which FLT3-ITD signaling induces oncogenic miR-155 by p65 and STAT5 in AML, thereby targeting transcription factor PU.1.
The cellular complexity and functional diversity of the human immune system necessitate the use of high-dimensional single-cell tools to uncover its role in multifaceted diseases such as rheumatic ...diseases, as well as other autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Proteomic technologies that use elemental (heavy metal) reporter ions, such as mass cytometry (also known as CyTOF) and analogous high-dimensional imaging approaches (including multiplexed ion beam imaging (MIBI) and imaging mass cytometry (IMC)), have been developed from their low-dimensional counterparts, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, to meet this need. A growing number of studies have been published that use these technologies to identify functional biomarkers and therapeutic targets in rheumatic diseases, but the full potential of their application to rheumatic disease research has yet to be fulfilled. This Review introduces the underlying technologies for high-dimensional immune monitoring and discusses aspects necessary for their successful implementation, including study design principles, analytical tools and future developments for the field of rheumatology.
This paper describes the addition of Collision-Induced Absorption (CIA) into the HITRAN compilation. The data from different experimental and theoretical sources have been cast into a consistent ...format and formalism. The implementation of these new spectral data into the HITRAN database is invaluable for modeling and interpreting spectra of telluric and other planetary atmospheres as well as stellar atmospheres. In this implementation for HITRAN, CIAs of N2, H2, O2, CO2, and CH4 due to various collisionally interacting atoms or molecules are presented. Some CIA spectra are given over an extended range of frequencies, including several H2 overtone bands that are dipole-forbidden in the non-interacting molecules. Temperatures from tens to thousands of Kelvin are considered, as required, for example, in astrophysical analyses of objects, including cool white dwarfs, brown dwarfs, M dwarfs, cool main sequence stars, solar and extra-solar planets, and the formation of so-called first stars.
► Comprehensive compilation of collision-induced absorption cross-sections. ► CIAs of N2, H2, O2, CO2, and CH4 with various perturbing species are considered. ► Experimental and theoretical data are cast into consistent user-friendly format. ► A much-needed tool for atmospheric and astrophysics research is developed.
This paper provides FORTRAN subroutines for the calculation of the partially-Correlated quadratic-Speed-Dependent Hard-Collision (pCqSDHC) profile and of its two limits: the quadratic-Speed-Dependent ...Voigt (qSDV) and the quadratic-Speed-Dependent Hard-Collision (qSDHC) profiles. Numerical tests successfully confirm the analytically derived fact that all these profiles can be expressed as combinations of complex Voigt probability functions. Based on a slightly improved version of the CPF subroutine Humlicek. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer 1979;21:309 for the calculation of the complex probability function, we show that the pCqSDHC, qSDHC and qSDV profiles can be quickly calculated with an accuracy better than 10−4.
•FORTRAN subroutines of some speed-dependent profiles are provided.•These profiles can be expressed as combinations of the complex probability function.•They can be accurately calculated with reasonable computer cost.
PDF
