The major uptake system responsible for the transport of fructose, glucose, and sucrose in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 is the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS). The ...genes encoding PTS components, namely ptsI, ptsH, and ptsF belong to the fructose-PTS gene cluster, whereas ptsG and ptsS are located in two separate regions of the C. glutamicum genome. Due to the localization within and adjacent to the fructose-PTS gene cluster, two genes coding for DeoR-type transcriptional regulators, cg2118 and sugR, are putative candidates involved in the transcriptional regulation of the fructose-PTS cluster genes.
Four transcripts of the extended fructose-PTS gene cluster that comprise the genes sugR-cg2116, ptsI, cg2118-fruK-ptsF, and ptsH, respectively, were characterized. In addition, it was shown that transcription of the fructose-PTS gene cluster is enhanced during growth on glucose or fructose when compared to acetate. Subsequently, the two genes sugR and cg2118 encoding for DeoR-type regulators were mutated and PTS gene transcription was found to be strongly enhanced in the presence of acetate only in the sugR deletion mutant. The SugR regulon was further characterized by microarray hybridizations using the sugR mutant and its parental strain, revealing that also the PTS genes ptsG and ptsS belong to this regulon. Binding of purified SugR repressor protein to a 21 bp sequence identified the SugR binding site as an AC-rich motif. The two experimentally identified SugR binding sites in the fructose-PTS gene cluster are located within or downstream of the mapped promoters, typical for transcriptional repressors. Effector studies using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) revealed the fructose PTS-specific metabolite fructose-1-phosphate (F-1-P) as a highly efficient, negative effector of the SugR repressor, acting in the micromolar range. Beside F-1-P, other sugar-phosphates like fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F-1,6-P) and glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) also negatively affect SugR-binding, but in millimolar concentrations.
In C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 the DeoR-type regulator SugR acts as a pleiotropic transcriptional repressor of all described PTS genes. Thus, in contrast to most DeoR-type repressors described, SugR is able to act also on the transcription of the distantly located genes ptsG and ptsS of C. glutamicum. Transcriptional repression of the fructose-PTS gene cluster is observed during growth on acetate and transcription is derepressed in the presence of the PTS sugars glucose and fructose. This derepression of the fructose-PTS gene cluster is mainly modulated by the negative effector F-1-P, but reduced sensitivity to the other effectors, F-1,6-P or G-6-P might cause differential transcriptional regulation of genes of the general part of the PTS (ptsI, ptsH) and associated genes encoding sugar-specific functions (ptsF, ptsG, ptsS).
This report analyzes the parental leave policies of secondary Catholic schools across the United States. Current research suggests Catholic schools lack the ability to provide parental leave, which ...aligns with the methods and length recommended by various organizations, including the Vatican, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, and various medical and professional organizations. The project team was able to identify six criteria that are vital in determining effective policies, including duration of paid maternity leave, duration of paid paternal leave, types of leave, inclusivity in the types of employees offered leave, communication, and awareness of policies to community members and flexibility in scheduling leave. Within these six criteria, 26 indicators were developed for scoring purposes. The team sought to understand if secondary archdiocesan and independent schools adequately provide paid parental leave to employees. Specifically, the team wanted to determine the number of schools in the team’s sample data that provided adequate leave based on these indicators. The team requested policies from more than 125 Catholic secondary schools to analyze current parental leave standards. Thirty-four of these schools shared their policies with the team. The team utilized a matrix to track the efficacy of policies, examine the strengths and weaknesses of each school’s policy, and find trends among the sample schools. This report analyzes the project’s findings and provides recommendations for future research and questions about developing future policies.
This report analyzes the parental leave policies of secondary Catholic schools across the United States. Current research suggests Catholic schools lack the ability to provide parental leave, which ...aligns with the methods and length recommended by various organizations, including the Vatican, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, and various medical and professional organizations. The project team was able to identify six criteria that are vital in determining effective policies, including duration of paid maternity leave, duration of paid paternal leave, types of leave, inclusivity in the types of employees offered leave, communication, and awareness of policies to community members and flexibility in scheduling leave. Within these six criteria, 26 indicators were developed for scoring purposes. The team sought to understand if secondary archdiocesan and independent schools adequately provide paid parental leave to employees. Specifically, the team wanted to determine the number of schools in the team’s sample data that provided adequate leave based on these indicators. The team requested policies from more than 125 Catholic secondary schools to analyze current parental leave standards. Thirty-four of these schools shared their policies with the team. The team utilized a matrix to track the efficacy of policies, examine the strengths and weaknesses of each school’s policy, and find trends among the sample schools. This report analyzes the project’s findings and provides recommendations for future research and questions about developing future policies.
This report analyzes the parental leave policies of secondary Catholic schools across the United States. Current research suggests Catholic schools lack the ability to provide parental leave, which ...aligns with the methods and length recommended by various organizations, including the Vatican, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, and various medical and professional organizations. The project team was able to identify six criteria that are vital in determining effective policies, including duration of paid maternity leave, duration of paid paternal leave, types of leave, inclusivity in the types of employees offered leave, communication, and awareness of policies to community members and flexibility in scheduling leave. Within these six criteria, 26 indicators were developed for scoring purposes. The team sought to understand if secondary archdiocesan and independent schools adequately provide paid parental leave to employees. Specifically, the team wanted to determine the number of schools in the team’s sample data that provided adequate leave based on these indicators. The team requested policies from more than 125 Catholic secondary schools to analyze current parental leave standards. Thirty-four of these schools shared their policies with the team. The team utilized a matrix to track the efficacy of policies, examine the strengths and weaknesses of each school’s policy, and find trends among the sample schools. This report analyzes the project’s findings and provides recommendations for future research and questions about developing future policies.
Serum of animal origin, like foetal calf serum (FCS), is used as a standard supplement for media to cultivate mammalian cells, mostly due to its growth-supporting properties. Unfortunately, animal ...serum has many disadvantages like the risk of contamination, high costs, fluctuations within the composition of different batches and the high amount of foetuses, which have to be harvested. To avoid all this, it is necessary to provide alternatives, which combine as many positive properties of the animal serum as possible but do not influence the cellular metabolism negatively. Today, several serum-free complete media as well as serum substitutes are commercially available. In the present study, a serum substitute, a serum-reduced medium and a serum-free medium were evaluated concerning their influence on the metabolism on the colon cancer cell line SW-480. The evaluation of morphological changes of the cells was done by microscopic analysis whereas differences in the volatile metabolome were analysed by solid phase micro extraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
Colon cancer is one of the most reasons for cancer death worldwide. Thus, it is important to find new prognostic and diagnostic marker, as well as to throw light on the special metabolic pathways of ...colon cancer cells. This paper highlights for the first time some qualitative differences in the profiles of the volatile metabolites of colon cancer cell lines SW 480 (grade IV, Duke B) and SW 1116 (grade II, Duke A) among themselves and in comparison to the normal colon cell line NCM460, which are mostly represented by ketones and alcohols. These results, which were obtained by applying solid phase micro extraction (SPME) and combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), are consistent with Warburg's hypothesis because the found reaction products may indicate that the cancer cells show the Crabtree's effect. Furthermore, compounds like undecan-2-ol and pentadecan-2-one were associated for the first time with the human metabolism. In summary, these findings indicate that the metabolism of colon cancer cells differs extremely from the metabolism of healthy cells and it changes during the progress of the disease. Compounds that are present in the breath, the blood and the tissue of patients represent the differences and they can serve as new biomarker for colon cancer in future.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
' In practice, the MDL Statute has been instrumental in expeditiously disposing of thousands of complex cases.2 As enacted, however, the MDL Statute has its limitations.3 Most notable is the absence ...from the MDL Statute of any formal mechanism for coordinating related cases pending in both state and federal courts.4 This Article discusses ways to overcome this "gap" in the MDL Statute and provides a checklist for practitioners involved in multidistrict litigation before the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ("the MDL Panel"). "111 West Virginia Trial Court Rule 26.01 provides a second mechanism for coordination of "mass litigation," defined as "two (2) or more civil actions pending in one or more circuit courts" involving: "mass accidents or single catastrophic accidents," "personal injury mass torts" involving "widely available or mass-marketed products," "property damage mass torts" and "economic loss cases ... in the nature of consumer fraud or warranty actions on a grand scale.
In recent years there has been a series of credit discrimination pricing cases in the automotive finance area predicated principally upon the assumption that the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) ...prohibits certain facially-neutral practices that have a disparate impact or "effect" on a protected class. This article examines the text of the ECOA credit discrimination proscription, and the three non-statutory references to the "effects test," with a view toward discerning the meaning of the statutory text and the intent of the enacting Congress. Numerous decisions of the US Supreme Court have recognized that, in a statutory construction case, the beginning point must be the language of the statute, and when a statute speaks with clarity to an issue, judicial inquiry into the statute's meaning, in all but the most extraordinary circumstances, is finished. By contrast, Congress has used very different language when it wishes to proscribe facially-neutral practices that have a disparate impact.
Ion mobility spectrometry is known to be a fast and sensitive technique for the detection of trace substances, and it is increasingly in demand not only for protection against explosives and chemical ...warfare agents, but also for new applications in medical diagnosis or process control. Generally, a gas phase sample is ionized by help of ultraviolet light, β-radiation or partial discharges. The ions move in a weak electrical field towards a detector. During their drift they collide with a drift gas flowing in the opposite direction and, therefore, are slowed down depending on their size, shape and charge. As a result, different ions reach the detector at different drift times, which are characteristic for the ions considered. The number of ions reaching the detector are a measure of the concentration of the analyte. The method enables the identification and quantification of analytes with high sensitivity (ng l-1 range). The selectivity can even be increased - as necessary for the analyses of complex mixtures - using pre-separation techniques such as gas chromatography or multi-capillary columns. No pre-concentration of the sample is necessary. Those characteristics of the method are preserved even in air with up to a 100% relative humidity rate. The suitability of the method for application in the field of food quality and safety - including storage, process and quality control as well as the characterization of food stuffs - was investigated in recent years for a number of representative examples, which are summarized in the following, including new studies as well: (1) the detection of metabolites from bacteria for the identification and control of their growth; (2) process control in food production - beer fermentation being an example; (3) the detection of the metabolites of mould for process control during cheese production, for quality control of raw materials or for the control of storage conditions; (4) the quality control of packaging materials during the production of polymeric materials; and (5) the characterization of products - wine being an example. The challenges of such applications were operation in humid air, fast on-line analyses of complex mixtures, high sensitivity - detection limits have to be, for example, in the range of the odour limits - and, in some cases, the necessity of mobile instrumentation. It can be shown that ion mobility spectrometry is optimally capable of fulfilling those challenges for many applications.
‘How do extrinsic factors influence the decision of young adults to become an entrepreneur?’ Michelle Hartmann and Aiko Thumm, 2018: Applied Double Degree Bachelor, Linnaeus University Växjö, Sweden ...and ICN Business School Nancy, France. Even though governments all over the world are putting a spotlight on entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship as a whole, the motivations of why to become a venture creator is rarely touched upon. In general, there are two forms of possible influences on entrepreneurial intentions, namely intrinsic and extrinsic drivers. In order to further describe the phenomenon of extrinsic factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions, this study aims to describe the interplay of three extrinsic factors for venture creation. These three factors are entrepreneurship enhancing education, role models as well as influence of opportunity and necessity. A descriptive, qualitative study has been chosen for that purpose. During semi-structured interviews, the narrative story of the six participants is told. The findings revolve around the narratives of the respondents’ propositions towards the three aforementioned extrinsic factors. This paper shows that the present educational system only partially conveys necessary knowledge and entrepreneurial skills. Furthermore, this study suggests, that there is more than only a positively influencing role model, videlicet, a negative example representing things the young adult does not want to become. In addition, the study depicts the predicament of a clear differentiation between necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship. Lastly this paper concludes, that more than one factor are motivational drivers for young entrepreneurs and therefore opens a wide research area for future fellow entrepreneurship researchers.
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