One of the most important and bloodiest events in the history of Kurdistan, which occurred after the division of this region between the Safavid and Ottoman governments, was Shah Abbas Safavid’s ...invasion of the historic castle of Dimdim and the resistance of its inhabitants under the leadership of Amir Khan Baradoost. After much resistance and defeating the Safavid army several times, the castle was conquered by the invading forces, and Amir Khan and his companions were killed. This historical event was first recorded in Tārīkh-e ʿĀlam-ārā-ye ʿAbbāsī written by Eskandar Beg Trukman, who personally participated in the siege and all the subsequent events. This event has also been reflected in the oral and official Kurdish literature, and it has been represented in a number of forms including verses, songs, epic poems, stories, and novels. Arab Shamilov is one of the prominent Kurdish scholars and writers who has dealt with this historical event in the form of historical novel. In the present study, using descriptive-analytical method and based on the American school of comparative literature, the historical event in Dimdim castle will be investigated in Dimdim, Arab Shamilov’s historical novel, and in Tārīkh-e ʿĀlam-ārā-ye ʿAbbāsī, the official narration of Eskandar Beg Trukman who served as the secretary in Shah Abbas Safavid’s court. The investigation of these two books shows that, in their narration of the event, the two authors’ perspectives are completely different. Eskandar Beg considers the resistance of Amir Khan and the inhabitants of the castle as betrayal and rebellion. However, Arab Shamilov rejects this viewpoint and considers this event as a legitimate defense and resistance against the invaders.
The political and social situation in Iraq was very disturbed during World War II, and the country was not spared the consequences of this war and the British occupation. In such an environment the ...conflict of political and social thoughts and ideas and struggles spread and as a result many literary schools such as romanticism, realism, symbolism were found in literature and people were affected by these conditions mentally and psychologically. The old and the old also lived in such conditions. In order to save themselves from this state of mental distress, they attempted to reclaim their inner peace, and this is well reflected in their poetry, which is referred to as nostalgia poetry. In fact, nostalgic poetry is a literary process in which poets try to free themselves from the current state of disarray and seek refuge in their past in order to achieve mental peace. In this research, it has been attempted to use a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the comparative study of nostalgia in the poetry of the renowned Iraqi poet Piramerd and Badr Shaker Al-Sayyab.
Abstract Mırra is a coffee beverage widely consumed in Syria and Turkey, and often produced from roasted and ground coffee beans. Recently, it is prepared from classical instant coffee. In this ...study, some physicochemical, bioactive and sensory properties of Mırra samples were determined. The average viscosity, °Brix, HMF, total phenolic content, DPPH and ABTS values were 1.36 cP, 3.70, 71.60 mg/L, 3431.55 mg GA eq./L, 6.24 mmol Trol. eq./mL and 35.23 mmol Trol. eq./mL for Mırra samples made by traditional process, and 4.85 cP, 16.36, 303.3 mg/L, 11276.47 mg GA eq./L, 23.89 mmol Trol. eq./mL and 89.70 mmol Trol. eq./mL for Mırra samples made with classic instant coffee, respectively. All Mırra samples also contained high levels of caffeine (1416.93 - 4347.46 mg/L). Chlorogenic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid and trans-5-O-caffeoylquinic acid were identified in Mırra samples. Total chlorogenic acid contents of Mırra samples were ranged from 1097.85 to 5283.21 mg/L. In all sensory parameters, Mırras with °Brix value over 5.75 had high scores. Results show that Mırra has high antioxidant activity. However, Mırra consumption may have negative health effects for risk groups due to the high caffeine content.
Radiometric monitoring of construction materials is required for estimating the interior and exterior exposure to ionizing radiation emitted by terrestrial radioactive elements in building materials. ...Using gamma-ray spectroscopy, the activity concentrations of
226
Ra,
232
Th, and
40
K in fifty-two samples from eighteen different building materials commonly used in Erbil city, Kurdistan region, Iraq, were evaluated to assess possible radioactive dangers to human health. The activity concentrations of
226
Ra,
232
Th and
40
K ranged from 1 ± 0.1 (gypsum board) to 130 ± 11 (granite), 1.3 ± 0.2 (gypsum) to 66 ± 8 (ceramic sample), and 18.74 ± 4 (gypsum) to 1061.708 ± 40 (granite) with an average of 28 ± 5, 20.7 ± 4, and 340.8 ± 18 (average ± standard deviation), respectively. Radiological indicators (activity concentration index, alpha and gamma index, hazard indices, interior absorbed gamma dose rate and the corresponding yearly effective dosage rate, and excess lifetime cancer risk) were computed to assess the health risks associated with these building materials. Consideration was given to the indoor annual effective dosage for common construction materials, the radon surface expiration rate, and the indoor radon concentration. The mean values of activity concentration were then inputted into the RESRAD-BUILD computer software to calculate a resident’s long-term radiation exposure. The dosages were measured over a range of 0 to 70 years. From 0 to 30 years, there was a significant change in dosages; however, from 30 to 70 years, the dosages were reasonably consistent. This research demonstrates that granite samples are not safe for dwellings with poor ventilation (especially those without windows). In general, other investigated construction materials in the buildings are deemed safe for the population, since the computed values for these parameters fall within the well-being restrictions or criterion values.
The objective of this research is to assess the impact of radon concentration on workers at certain construction material industries in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The CR-39 solid-state track ...detector was used in this experiment to monitor radon levels and their daughters. For this purpose, as a case study group, 70 workers were divided into seven subgroups (gypsum, cement plant, lightweight block, marble, red brick 1, crusher stone, and concrete block 2), and 20 healthy volunteers were selected as a control group. The findings demonstrate that the mean concentrations of radon, radium, uranium, and radon daughters deposited on the detector face (POS) and chamber walls (POW) for the case study group were 9.61 ± 1.52 Bq/m
3
, 0.33 ± 0.05 Bq/Kg, 5.39 ± 0.86 mBq/Kg, 4 ± 0.63, and 16.62 ± 2.64 mBq/m
3
, whereas for the control group, they were 3.39 ± 0.58 Bq/m
3
, 0.117 ± 0.03 Bq/Kg, 1.91 ± 0.32 mBq/Kg, 1.41 ± 0.24, and 5.88 ± 1 mBq/m
3
, respectively. The statistical analysis revealed that radon, radium, uranium, and POW and POS concentrations were statistically significant (
p
≤ 0.001) in the samples for the case study groups of cement, lightweight block, red brick 1, marble, and crusher stone factories in comparison to the control group; however, the results for gypsum and concrete block 2 factories were not statistically significant in comparison to the control group. Intriguingly, the radon levels in every blood sample examined were far lower than the 200 Bq/m
3
limit established by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Hence, it may be argued that the blood is devoid of contaminants. These results are crucial for determining whether or not an individual is exposed to substantial quantities of radiation and for demonstrating a link between radon, its daughter, uranium, and the prevalence of cancer among workers in the Kurdish region of Iraq.
Radon gas has long been connected with human public health risks. Building materials, one of the biggest producers of this gas in enclosed areas, are thought to be among the most important channels ...of this gas. The radon concentration, radon exhalation rate as well as the annual effective dose for 52 building material samples (granite, ceramic, marble, mosaic, building stones, gypsum, gypsum board, block, lightweight block, sand, aggregate, limestone, concrete, siporex, cement, white cement, brick and red brick) in Erbil city were assessed by applying a radon detection system consisting of a length-pipeline approach using CR-39 SSNTDs as an inactive mode and an electronic RAD7 solid-state detector as a can way. The outcomes of passive and active approaches were found to be very comparable. The highest values of radon exhalation rate, radon concentration and indoor yearly effective dosage were recorded, respectively, as 0.546 ± 0.032 Bq.m
−2
.h
−1
, 290.2 ± 17 Bq.m
−3
and 7.32 ± 0.43 mSv.y
−1
for granite samples, while the lowest values were 0.057 ± 0.003 Bq.m
−2
.h
−1
, 30.2 ± 1.8 Bq.m
−3
and 0.76 ± 0.05 mSv.y
−1
for the gypsum board samples. The results also revealed that the radon exhalation rate was lower than the global average of 57.600 Bq.m
−2
.h
−1
, and the indoor annual effective dose for all samples except for granite samples was less than the allowed threshold of 1-5 mSv.y
−1
. The annual effective dose for all samples was above the average world value of 1.2 mSv.y
−1
reported by UNSCEAR and WHO except for gypsum board samples. The radon concentrations in granite samples were within the ICRP's suggested activity ranges of 200 to 600 Bq.m
−3
.
The objective of this research is to assess the impact of radon concentration on workers at certain construction material industries in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The CR-39 solid-state track ...detector was used in this experiment to monitor radon levels and their daughters. For this purpose, as a case study group, 70 workers were divided into seven subgroups (gypsum, cement plant, lightweight block, marble, red brick 1, crusher stone, and concrete block 2), and 20 healthy volunteers were selected as a control group. The findings demonstrate that the mean concentrations of radon, radium, uranium, and radon daughters deposited on the detector face (POS) and chamber walls (POW) for the case study group were 9.61 ± 1.52 Bq/m
, 0.33 ± 0.05 Bq/Kg, 5.39 ± 0.86 mBq/Kg, 4 ± 0.63, and 16.62 ± 2.64 mBq/m
, whereas for the control group, they were 3.39 ± 0.58 Bq/m
, 0.117 ± 0.03 Bq/Kg, 1.91 ± 0.32 mBq/Kg, 1.41 ± 0.24, and 5.88 ± 1 mBq/m
, respectively. The statistical analysis revealed that radon, radium, uranium, and POW and POS concentrations were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.001) in the samples for the case study groups of cement, lightweight block, red brick 1, marble, and crusher stone factories in comparison to the control group; however, the results for gypsum and concrete block 2 factories were not statistically significant in comparison to the control group. Intriguingly, the radon levels in every blood sample examined were far lower than the 200 Bq/m
limit established by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Hence, it may be argued that the blood is devoid of contaminants. These results are crucial for determining whether or not an individual is exposed to substantial quantities of radiation and for demonstrating a link between radon, its daughter, uranium, and the prevalence of cancer among workers in the Kurdish region of Iraq.
To address the obstacles facing the clinical use of paclitaxel, including poor water solubility, side effects and lack of tumor selectivity, a novel folate-decorated and redox and pH dual-responsive ...micellar drug delivery system was developed based on folate-poly(ethylene glycol)-
b
-poly((α-paclitaxel-SS-caprolactone)-
co
-caprolactone) (
i.e.
, FA-PEG-
b
-P((PTX-SS-CL)-
co
-CL)) conjugates with thiol and acid-cleavable linkages. The paclitaxel (PTX) conjugated amphiphilic block copolymer prodrug was self-assembled in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 0.1 M) into nanosized spherical micelles (∼96.5 nm).
In vitro
release studies demonstrated that the prodrug micelles are relatively stable at normal physiologic conditions but susceptible to tumor-relevant reductive and acidic conditions which would trigger the release of chemically loaded drugs. Notably, folate-decorated PTX prodrug micelles based on FA-PEG-
b
-P((PTX-SS-CL)-
co
-CL) conjugates displayed apparent targetability to folate receptor-overexpressing HeLa cells. MTT assays showed that the therapeutic efficacy of these micelles against HeLa cancer cells (IC
50
= 0.75 μg mL
−1
) was enhanced compared with free PTX (IC
50
= 0.87 μg mL
−1
). These results suggest that FA-PEG-
b
-P((PTX-SS-CL)-
co
-CL) conjugates may offer a promising strategy for PTX delivery in the treatment of various tumors, with enhanced efficacy and fewer adverse effects.
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