Objective:
To examine the association between a history of 5 types of childhood maltreatment (that is, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect) and ...several substance use disorders (SUDs), including alcohol, sedatives, tranquilizers, opioids, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, heroin, and nicotine, in a nationally representative US adult sex-stratified sample.
Method:
Data were drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a nationally representative US sample of adults aged 20 years and older (n = 34 653). Logistic regression models were conducted to understand the relations between 5 types of childhood maltreatment and SUDs separately among men and women after adjusting for sociodemographic variables and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Axis I and II mental disorders.
Results:
All 5 types of childhood maltreatment were associated with increased odds of all individual SUDs among men and women after adjusting for sociodemographic variables, with the exception of physical neglect and heroin abuse or dependence, emotional neglect, and amphetamines and cocaine abuse or dependence among men (adjusted odds ratio range 1.3 to 4.7). After further adjustment for other DSM Axis I and II mental disorders, the relations between childhood maltreatment and SUDs were attenuated, but many remained statistically significant. Differences in the patterns of findings were noted for men and women for sexual abuse and emotional neglect.
Conclusions:
This research provides evidence of the robust nature of the relations between many types of childhood maltreatment and many individual SUDs. The prevention of childhood maltreatment may help to reduce SUDs in the general population.
Objective
Child maltreatment is associated with an increased likelihood of having mood disorders, anxiety disorders, post‐traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, and personality ...disorders, but far less is known about eating disorders. The objective of the current study was to examine the associations between child maltreatment, including harsh physical punishment, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, and exposure to intimate partner violence, and eating disorders in adulthood among men and women.
Method
Data were from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions wave 3 (NESARC‐III) collected in 2012–2013. The sample was nationally representative of the United States adult population (N = 36,309). Lifetime eating disorders (anorexia nervosa AN, bulimia nervosa BN, and binge‐eating disorder BED) were assessed using diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (DSM‐5) criteria and the alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule‐5 (AUDADIS‐5).
Results
The prevalence of any lifetime eating disorder was 1.7% (0.8% among men and 2.7% among women). All child maltreatment types were associated with AN, BN, and BED with notable differences among men and women. Overall, the types of child maltreatment with the strongest relationships with any eating disorder were sexual abuse and physical neglect among men and sexual abuse and emotional abuse among women.
Discussion
Clinicians should be mindful that child maltreatment experiences are associated with increased odds of eating disorders including AN, BED, and BN. Such relationships are significant among men and women although notable gender differences in these relationships exist. word count = 248.
We aimed to examine the prevalence of several types of childhood adversity across adult cohorts, whether age moderates the effect of childhood adversity on mental health, the relationship between ...childhood adversity and psychopathology among older adults, the dose-response relationship between number of types of childhood adversities and mental disorders in later life, and whether lifetime mental health treatment reduces the odds of psychopathology among older survivors of childhood adversity.
In a population-based, cross-sectional study on a nationally representative U.S. sample, we studied 34,653 community-dwelling Americans 20 years and older, including 7,080 adults 65 years and older from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Trained lay interviewers assessed past-year mood and anxiety disorders and lifetime personality disorders. Participants self-reported childhood adversity based on questions from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study.
Childhood adversity was prevalent across five age cohorts. In our adjusted models, age did not moderate the effect of childhood adversity on mental disorders. Older adults who experienced childhood adversity had higher odds of having mood (odds ratio: 1.73; 95% confidence interval: 1.32-2.28), anxiety (odds ratio: 1.48; 95% confidence interval: 1.20-1.83), and personality disorders (odds ratio: 2.11; 95% confidence interval: 1.75-2.54) after adjusting for covariates. An increasing number of types of childhood adversities was associated with higher odds of personality disorders and somewhat higher odds of anxiety disorders. Treatment-seeking was associated with a reduced likelihood of anxiety and, especially, mood disorders in older adult childhood adversity survivors.
These results emphasize the importance of preventing childhood adversity and intervening once it occurs to avoid the negative mental health effects that can last into old age.
Magnesium is a divalent ion involved in a range of biochemical reactions and cellular functions. The metabolism and requirements for magnesium are still insufficiently understood. In the Nordic ...Nutrition Recommendations from 2012, a recommended intake was set based on balance studies. However, the average requirement (AR) was not set. Functional indicators of magnesium status have been lacking. This scoping review reveals new research activity related to the beneficial effect of magnesium intake on several health outcomes (cardiovascular disease, diabetes and some cancers). Based on meta-analyses of cohort studies and Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), as well as on plausible mechanisms, a causal association is suggested. However, the optimal intake cannot be set based on these study designs and no new balance studies were found.
Copper functions as a structural component in many proteins involved in energy and iron metabolism, production of neurotransmitters, formation of connective tissue and endogenous antioxidant defence. ...Several biochemical indices have been suggested and used to assess copper status, but none of these has been found suitable for the detection of marginal copper deficiency or marginal copper toxicity. Copper imbalances have been linked to the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases. During the last decade, a number of meta-analyses and systematic reviews have been published shedding light on the association between copper imbalances and some of these pathologies. Most of these meta-analyses are based on case-control studies. All show that blood copper concentrations are higher in cases than in controls, but there is inconclusive evidence to change the recommendations.
Trivalent chromium (CrIII) is the principal form of chromium found in diet and supplements. CrIII has been claimed to be involved in the regulation of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. ...Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) is a carcinogen when inhaled, which is uncommon, and occurs mainly by occupational exposures. There is a concern about adverse health effects also from exposure to CrVI by contaminated drinking water, although data from human studies are limited. Chromium had no recommendation in the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) 2012 and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) did not set any reference values either. Methods for evaluating chromium status are lacking, and there is still uncertainty about how chromium deficiency in humans manifests itself. The essentiality of chromium is also disputed. This scoping review revealed new research activity relating to high-dose chromium supplements and several health outcomes (overweight, obesity, and diabetes). Although these issues are related to health concerns in the Nordic or Baltic countries, the relevance for the NNR is modest, since such a high intake of chromium cannot be achieved by diet. Thus, no strong evidence was identified in the scientific literature that justifies a recommendation for chromium intake.
Summary Background & aims Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is an accessible and cheap method to measure fat-free mass (FFM). However, BIA estimates are subject to uncertainty in patient ...populations with altered body composition and hydration. The aim of the current study was to validate a whole-body and a segmental BIA device against dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, and to investigate the ability of different empiric equations for BIA to predict DXA FFM (FFMDXA ). Methods Forty-three non-metastatic CRC patients (aged 50–80 years) were enrolled in this study. Whole-body and segmental BIA FFM estimates (FFMwhole-bodyBIA , FFMsegmentalBIA ) were calculated using 14 empiric equations, including the equations from the manufacturers, before comparison to FFMDXA estimates. Results Strong linear relationships were observed between FFMBIA and FFMDXA estimates for all equations (R2 = 0.94–0.98 for both devices). However, there were large discrepancies in FFM estimates depending on the equations used with mean differences in the ranges −6.5–6.8 kg and −11.0–3.4 kg for whole-body and segmental BIA, respectively. For whole-body BIA, 77% of BIA derived FFM estimates were significantly different from FFMDXA , whereas for segmental BIA, 85% were significantly different. For whole-body BIA, the Schols* equation gave the highest agreement with FFMDXA with mean difference ±SD of −0.16 ± 1.94 kg ( p = 0.582). The manufacturer's equation gave a small overestimation of FFM with 1.46 ± 2.16 kg ( p < 0.001) with a tendency towards proportional bias ( r = 0.28, p = 0.066). For segmental BIA, the Heitmann* equation gave the highest agreement with FFMDXA (0.17 ± 1.83 kg ( p = 0.546)). Using the manufacturer's equation, no difference in FFM estimates was observed (−0.34 ± 2.06 kg ( p = 0.292)), however, a clear proportional bias was detected ( r = 0.69, p < 0.001). Both devices demonstrated acceptable ability to detect low FFM compared to DXA using the optimal equation. Conclusion In a population of non-metastatic CRC patients, mostly consisting of Caucasian adults and with a wide range of body composition measures, both the whole-body BIA and segmental BIA device provide FFM estimates that are comparable to FFMDXA on a group level when the appropriate equations are applied. At the individual level (i.e. in clinical practice) BIA may be a valuable tool to identify patients with low FFM as part of a malnutrition diagnosis.
Recent evidence suggests that eating disorders (EDs) are becoming increasingly common in older women. Previous research examining differences between younger and older women with EDs has been mixed, ...making it unclear whether older women with EDs represent a distinct group. We sought to determine whether there are age differences in the clinical presentation of women seeking specialty treatment for an ED. We examined the linear relationship between age and clinical constructs among adult women (N = 436) diagnosed with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, ED. Across analyses, there was no impact of age on most measures of ED symptoms, comorbid psychopathology, self-esteem, quality of life, and motivation to change. However, older age was associated with fewer interoceptive awareness difficulties, maturity fears, anxiety symptoms, and body image concerns. These findings suggest that the clinical presentation of older ED cases is largely similar, although somewhat less severe than in younger women. The implications of this research for future research and treatment are discussed.
Traditional burden-of-disease estimates often exclude personality disorders, which are associated with significant mortality and morbidity. The aim of this study was to estimate the health-related ...quality of life (HRQoL) and annual population-level quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) losses associated with different mental and physical health conditions. In particular, it sought to quantify the impact of personality disorders on quality of life, at an individual and population level.
This was a secondary analysis of data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a nationally representative survey of the US general population collected from 2001 to 2005 (N = 34,653). Health-related quality of life (measured using the Short-Form Health Survey-6D) was the main outcome of interest. Regression analysis assessed the impact of various mental (based on DSM-IV criteria) and physical health conditions on HRQoL scores, and this impact was combined with the prevalence of disorders to estimate the population-level burden of disease.
Mood disorders were associated with the highest decrease in HRQoL scores, followed by strokes, psychotic illness, and arthritis (P < .01). The greatest annual population QALY losses were caused by arthritis, mood disorders, and personality disorders.
Quality-adjusted life year losses associated with personality disorders ranked behind only mood disorders and arthritis. Personality disorders were associated with significant reductions in quality of life, despite the fact that they are often excluded from traditional burden of disease estimates.
We assessed the effect of weight-loss induced with a low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet with and without exercise, on body-composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular risk factors. A total ...of 57 overweight and obese women (age 40 ± 3.5 years, body mass index 31.1 ± 2.6 kg∙m
) completed a 10-week intervention using a low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet, with or without interval exercise. An equal deficit of 700 kcal∙day
was prescribed, restricting diet only, or moderately restricting diet and adding exercise, producing four groups; normal diet (NORM); low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet (LCHF); normal diet and exercise (NORM-EX); and low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet and exercise (LCHF-EX). Linear Mixed Models were used to assess between-group differences. The intervention resulted in an average 6.7 ± 2.5% weight-loss (
< 0.001). Post-intervention % fat was lower in NORM-EX than NORM (40.0 ± 4.2 vs. 43.5 ± 3.5%,
= 0.024). NORM-EX reached lower values in total cholesterol than NORM (3.9 ± 0.6 vs. 4.7 ± 0.7 mmol/L,
= 0.003), and LCHF-EX (3.9 ± 0.6 vs. 4.9 ± 1.1 mmol/L,
= 0.004). Post intervention triglycerides levels were lower in NORM-EX than NORM (0.87 ± 0.21 vs. 1.11 ± 0.34 mmol/L,
= 0.030). The low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet had no superior effect on body composition, V˙O
or cardiovascular risk factors compared to a normal diet, with or without exercise. In conclusion, the intervention decreased fat mass, but exercise improved body composition and caused the most favorable changes in total cholesterol and triglycerides in the NORM-EX. Exercise increased cardiorespiratory fitness, regardless of diet.
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