•Net displacement of the Billboard 200 caused by YouTube is examined empirically, identified by a blackout of Warner material.•The data used are actual album sales, which appears unique in the ...literature.•Streaming displaces sales, particularly among best-selling albums, but a promotional effect dominates among the lower ranked.
In this paper I exploit the removal of Warner Music content from YouTube in January 2009, and its restoration in October 2009, as a plausible natural experiment to investigate the impact of online content availability on album sales. I find that this blackout on YouTube had both statistically and economically significant positive effects on Warner albums, which are quickly moderated as top-selling albums are dropped from the sample. Results also show that albums that have a very successful debut face more displacement from YouTube videos, while the effect on lower debuting albums may be moderated by a promotional effect.
Using a unique dataset of the Netflix video on demand library, this article measures the characteristics of information goods important when employing a strategic bundling strategy. By matching the ...titles entering and exiting the library to their relevant properties, I use a characteristic approach to determine when the value to Netflix of adding a title exceeds the licensing fee and when the displacement effect associated with presence in the library dictates that the title will not be offered. Results show that titles of median commercial success are bundled more frequently than the most and least successful, and the number of similar films exiting the library is important to how likely a film is to enter, indicating strategic bundling. These results are generalizable to the streaming video industry and any information goods with rapidly diminishing marginal utility.
This paper estimates short‐run effects of tariffs on United States tablet prices and welfare. Market data are used to estimate a model of demand and supply and to simulate prices and sales in ...scenarios with tariffs. A 25 per cent tariff on firms assembling in China results in tariff elasticity of tablet prices for taxed firms of 1.108, a 29.6 per cent decline in profits, and a deadweight loss of 28.8 per cent. Firms assembling elsewhere benefit from the reduction in rivals’ competitiveness. Long‐run implications are that firms may decide to shift production from ‘uncompetitive’ facilities in China to countries that are politically favored.
This paper examines the characteristics that are important to current commercially viable massive music festivals when making decisions on who to hire while facing horizontal and vertical quality ...differentiation with heterogeneous preferences among intended consumers. A model of customer demand motivates the empirical analysis using a unique bundling problem in which the consumer faces an unknown element, depending on festival reputation for expected utility. The empirical analysis utilizes characteristics important to the negotiation between the festival and the band as input. Musical acts with an album recognized as being of a high quality are about 33 % more likely to be hired by a festival in the year of release and 50 % more likely the following year. A top touring band is 40 % more likely to be hired in the first year, but 45 % less likely to be hired in the following year, likely due to an increased cost of hiring. Festivals hire quality, unknown bands to take advantage of the lower costs of lesser known acts by leveraging a reputation for evaluating quality before the consumer. Other industries face similar input decisions, giving the results a broader application.
We investigate features of the lateral distribution function (LDF) of the radio signal emitted by cosmic ray air-showers with primary energies Epr>0.1 EeV and its connection to air-shower parameters ...such as energy and shower maximum using CoREAS simulations made for the configuration of the Tunka-Rex antenna array. Taking into account all significant contributions to the total radio emission, such as by the geomagnetic effect, the charge excess, and the atmospheric refraction we parameterize the radio LDF. This parameterization is two-dimensional and has several free parameters. The large number of free parameters is not suitable for experiments of sparse arrays operating at low SNR (signal-to-noise ratios). Thus, exploiting symmetries, we decrease the number of free parameters based on the shower geometry and reduce the LDF to a simple one-dimensional function. The remaining parameters can be fit with a small number of points, i.e. as few as the signal from three antennas above detection threshold. Finally, we present a method for the reconstruction of air-shower parameters, in particular, energy and Xmax (shower maximum), which can be reached with a theoretical accuracy of better than 15% and 30 g/cm2, respectively.
Zusammenfassung
Die Implantation eines Embryos im Endometrium ist ein komplexer Prozess. In der Lutealphase des Menstruationszyklus besteht nur ein begrenztes Zeitfenster, in dem die Nidation ...stattfinden kann: das sogenannte Implantationsfenster. Die Veränderungen des Endometriums um den Zeitpunkt der Implantation sind bereits in vielen Aspekten verstanden. Doch ist es bisher nicht gelungen, dieses Wissen auch in valide klinische Tests zur Bestimmung der Rezeptivität zu übersetzen und Behandlungsmethoden für die suboptimale Endometriumrezeptivität zu entwickeln. Viele Surrogatparameter der endometrialen Rezeptivität wurden vorgeschlagen, sie besitzen jedoch insgesamt eine schlechte prognostische Genauigkeit für den Eintritt einer klinischen Schwangerschaft in Frisch- und Auftauzyklen. Es gilt zu berücksichtigen, dass eine ovarielle Stimulation die endometriale Rezeptivität beeinflusst. Auch ist der Zeitpunkt der Embryoübertragung in Abhängigkeit vom angewendeten Protokoll möglicherweise von Bedeutung. Daneben müssen Störungen des Uterus berücksichtigt werden, die die endometriale Rezeptivität beeinflussen und mit Implantationsversagen assoziiert sein können. Generell sind verlässlichere Marker der endometrialen Rezeptivität und robustere klinische Studien notwendig.
Understanding the course of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the factors that impact this is essential to inform decisions about when and for whom screening and intervention are likely to be ...beneficial.
To provide meta-analytic evidence of the course of recovery from PTSD in the first year following trauma, and the factors that influence that recovery.
We conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies of adult PTSD prevalence which included at least two assessments within the first 12 months following trauma exposure, examining prevalence statistics through to 2 years post-trauma. We examined trauma intentionality (intentional or non-intentional), PTSD assessment method (clinician or self-report), sample sex distribution, and age as moderators of PTSD prevalence over time.
We identified 78 eligible studies including 16,484 participants. Pooled prevalence statistics indicated that over a quarter of individuals presented with PTSD at 1 month post-trauma, with this proportion reducing by a third between 1 and 3 months. Beyond 3 months, any prevalence changes were detected over longer intervals and were small in magnitude. Intentional trauma, younger age, and female sex were associated with higher PTSD prevalence at 1 month. In addition, higher proportions of females, intentional trauma exposure, and higher baseline PTSD prevalence were each associated with larger reductions in prevalence over time.
Recovery from PTSD following acute trauma exposure primarily occurs in the first 3 months post-trauma. Screening measures and intervention approaches offered at 3 months may better target persistent symptoms than those conducted prior to this point.
PTSD rates in the immediate aftermath of trauma exposure decline from 27% at 1 month to 18% at 3 months post-trauma, showing significant spontaneous recovery.
Problems appear to stabilize after 3 months.
Screening/intervention for PTSD at 3 months post-trauma is indicated.
•Patent infringement is often estimated without considering equilibrium changes.•We present a straightforward method of estimating patent infringement from market data.•The method allows market share ...and prices to vary in the absence of infringement.•We observe the effect of all firms in the market, including those that do not participate in infringement.
Intellectual property and its protection is one of the most valuable assets for entrepreneurs and firms in the information economy. This article describes a relatively straightforward approach to measuring patent value with aggregate market data and the BLP model. We apply the approach to United States smartphones. The demand estimates and recovered marginal costs produce sensible simulations of equilibria prices and shares from several hypothetical patent infringements. In one simulation, the presence of near field communication on the dominant firm's flagship smartphone results in a 29% increase in profits. This estimate provides a starting point for establishing a reasonable royalty between the patent holder and the dominant firm in a hypothetical negotiation. This simulation also shows that law-abiding firms inside the market may be damaged by the dominant firm's patent infringing behavior.
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