Trichinellosis, caused by
, is an emerging or re-emerging zoonotic parasitic disease, which is distributed worldwide with major socio-economic importance in some developing countries. In particular, ...it has been calculated that more than 40 million people are at risk of
infection in China. This review summarizes the current information on the epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis and vaccines of trichinellosis in China. Moreover, study of the treatment potential of using
for immune-related diseases and cancer, as well as the transcription and post-transcription modification of
were also collected, providing viewpoints for future investigations. Current advances in research will help us to develop new strategies for the prevention and control of trichinellosis and may potentially yield biological agents for treating other diseases.
Mammary gland development is a critical process in mammals, crucial for their reproductive success and offspring nourishment. However, the functional roles of key candidate genes associated with teat ...number, including ABCD4, VRTN, PROX2, and DLST, in this developmental process remain elusive. To address this gap in knowledge, we conducted an in-depth investigation into the dynamic expression patterns, functional implications, and regulatory networks of these candidate genes during mouse mammary gland development.
In this study, the spatial and temporal patterns of key genes were characterized in mammary gland development. Using time-series single-cell data, we uncovered differences in the expression of A bcd4, Vrtn, Prox2, and Dlst in cell population of the mammary gland during embryonic and adult stages, while Vrtn was not detected in any cells. We found that only overexpression and knockdown of Abcd4 could inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of HC11 mammary epithelial cells, whereas Prox2 and Dlst had no significant effect on these cells. Using RNA-seq and qPCR, further analysis revealed that Abcd4 can induce widespread changes in the expression levels of genes involved in mammary gland development, such as Igfbp3, Ccl5, Tlr2, and Prlr, which were primarily associated with the MAPK, JAK-STAT, and PI3K-AKT pathways by functional enrichment.
These findings revealed ABCD4 as a candidate gene pivotal for regulating mammary gland development and lactation during pregnancy by influencing PRLR expression.
Parameter estimation accuracy and average sample number (ASN) reduction are important to improving target detection performance in sequential hypothesis tests. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) ...radar can balance between parameter estimation accuracy and ASN reduction through waveform diversity. In this study, we propose a waveform design method based on a two-stage information criterion to improve multi-target detection performance. In the first stage, the waveform is designed to estimate the target parameters based on the criterion of single-hypothesis mutual information (MI) maximization under the constraint of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In the second stage, the objective function is designed based on the criterion of MI minimization and Kullback–Leibler divergence (KLD) maximization between multi-hypothesis posterior probabilities, and the waveform is chosen from the waveform library of the first-stage parameter estimation. Furthermore, an adaptive waveform design algorithm framework for multi-target detection is proposed. The simulation results reveal that the waveform design based on the two-stage information criterion can rapidly detect the target direction. In addition, the waveform design based on the criterion of dual-hypothesis MI minimization can improve the parameter estimation performance, whereas the design based on the criterion of dual-hypothesis KLD maximization can improve the target detection performance.
The contractile activity, high oxygen consumption and metabolic rate of skeletal muscle cause it to continuously produce moderate levels of oxidant species, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ...reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Under normal physiological conditions, there is a dynamic balance between the production and elimination of ROS/RNS. However, when the oxidation products exceed the antioxidant defense capacity, the body enters a state of oxidative stress. Myogenesis is an important process to maintain muscle homeostasis and the physiological function of skeletal muscle. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a key role in myogenesis and skeletal muscle physiology and pathology. In this review, we summarize the sources of reactive oxygen species in skeletal muscle and the causes of oxidative stress and analyze the key role of oxidative stress in myogenesis. Then, we discuss the relationship between oxidative stress and muscle homeostasis and physiopathology. This work systematically summarizes the role of oxidative stress in myogenesis and muscle diseases and provides targets for subsequent antioxidant therapy and repair of inflammatory damage in noninflammatory muscle diseases.
This paper presents an accelerated adaptive backstepping control method based on the fuzzy wavelet neural network (FWNN) for the multiple permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) system with ...chaotic oscillation. Firstly, considering the influence of the feedback signals of the wind farm bus on each PMSG, a coupled mathematical model with multiple PMSGs is established. Secondly, through dynamic analysis, we find that there are chaotic oscillations in the power generation system with two PMSGs, and the dynamic response of the system is highly sensitive to the parameters and initial states. We integrate the tangent barrier function (TBF), speed function (SF), FWNN and second-order tracking differentiator (TD) into adaptive backstepping technology, and design an accelerated adaptive neural network (NN) backstepping controller. The FWNN improved by the pseudo-exponential function is used to estimate unknown functions. The SF and TBF are used to constrain tracking errors (TEs) and ensure the boundedness of state variables. The complex problem of derivation of virtual control inputs is solved by second-order TD. The stability of the closed-loop system is attested by the Lyapunov function. Our scheme not only accelerates the convergence speeds of TEs, but also effectively suppresses chaos and ensures the boundedness of all signals. Finally, a series of experimental simulations verify the practicability and robustness of the scheme.
This paper proposes a novel interconnected observer to get good estimates of attitude and gyro bias from high-noise vector measurements. The observer is derived based on the theory of nonlinear and ...linear cascade systems, and its error dynamics have the properties of global exponential stability and robustness to bounded noise. These properties ensure the convergence and boundedness of the attitude and gyro bias estimation errors. To obtain higher estimation accuracy, an approach to calculate time-varying gains for the proposed auxiliary observer is designed under the premise of considering noise terms in the rate gyro and vector sensors. The simulation results show that when the vector sensors’ outputs contain high-level noise, the proposed observer with time-varying gains yields better performance in both the transient and steady-state phases.
The tracking control of a multi-input multioutput nonlinear nonminimum phase system in general form is discussed. This system is assumed to be suffering from parameter uncertainties and unmodeled ...dynamics, and the priori information of them is unknown. By considering both the exact model and uncertain model, the sliding mode-based learning controller is proposed. By designing an appropriate sliding surface and a learning controller, the stability of the closed-loop system is guaranteed for both the exact model and uncertain model. To overcome the disadvantage caused by parameter uncertainties and unmodeled dynamics, a fuzzy logical system is adopted here. A numerical simulation result carried on vertical takeoff and landing aircraft is taken as an example to validate the effectiveness of the presented controller.
Chicken plumage color is an important economical trait in poultry breeding, as triple-yellow indigenous broilers are preferred over western commercial broilers in the Chinese market. However, the ...studies on the pigmentation of plumage coloration are relatively rare at present. Here, we performed a genome-wide mapping study on an F2 intercross, whose 2 founders were one hybrid commercial line “High Quality chicken Line A” that originated from the Anak red chicken and one indigenous line “Huiyang Beard” chicken that is a classical “triple-yellow” Chinese indigenous breed. Moreover, we used an automatic colorimeter that can quantitatively assess the colorations in L∗, a∗, and b∗ values. One major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 2 was thus identified by both genome-wide association and linkage analyses, which could explain 10 to 20% of the total phenotypic variance of the b∗ measurements of the back plumage color. Using linkage analysis, 2 additional QTL on chromosome 1 and 20 were also found to be significantly associated with the plumage coloration in this cross. With additional samples from Anak red and Huiyang Beard chickens as well as pooled resequencing data from the 2 founders of this cross, we then further narrowed down the QTL regions and identified several candidate genes, such as CABLES1, CHST11, BCL2L1, and CHD22. As the effects of QTL found in this study were substantial, quantitatively measuring the coloration rather than the descriptive measurements provides stronger statistical power for the analyses. In addition, this major QTL on chromosome 2 that was associated with feather pigmentation at the genome-wide level will facilitate the future chicken breeding for yellow plumage color. In conclusions, we mapped 3 associated QTL on chromosome 1, 2, and 20. The candidate genes identified in this study shed light in the genetic basis of yellow plumage color in chicken.
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is one of the most important animal pathogens in the world. FMDV naturally infects swine, cattle, and other cloven-hoofed animals. FMD is not adequately ...controlled by vaccination. An alternative strategy is to develop swine that are genetically resistant to infection. Here, we generated FMDV-specific shRNA transgenic cells targeting either nonstructural protein 2B or polymerase 3D of FMDV. The shRNA-positive transgenic cells displayed significantly lower viral production than that of the control cells after infection with FMDV (
P
< 0.05). Twenty-three transgenic cloned swine (TGCS) and nine non-transgenic cloned swine (Non-TGCS) were produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). In the FMDV challenge study, one TGCS was completely protected, no clinical signs, no viremia and no viral RNA in the tissues, no non-structural antibody response, another one TGCS swine recovered after showing clinical signs for two days, whereas all of the normal control swine (NS) and Non-TGCS developed typical clinical signs, viremia and viral RNA was determined in the tissues, the non-structural antibody was determined, and one Non-TGCS swine died. The viral RNA load in the blood and tissues of the TGCS was reduced in both challenge doses. These results indicated that the TGCS displayed resistance to the FMDV infection. Immune cells, including CD3
+
, CD4
+
, CD8
+
, CD21
+
, and CD172
+
cells, and the production of IFN-γ were analyzed, there were no significant differences observed between the TGCS and NS or Non-TGCS, suggesting that the FMDV resistance may be mainly derived from the RNAi-based antiviral pathway. Our work provides a foundation for a breeding approach to preventing infectious disease in swine.
This paper is concerned with the adaptive sliding mode control (ASMC) design problem for a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle (FAHV). This problem is challenging because of the inherent ...couplings between the propulsion system, the airframe dynamics and the presence of strong flexibility effects. Due to the enormous complexity of the vehicle dynamics, only the longitudinal model is adopted for control design in the present paper. A linearized model is established around a trim point for a nonlinear, dynamically coupled simulation model of the FAHV, then a reference model is designed and a tracking error model is proposed with the aim of the ASMC problem. There exist the parameter uncertainties and external disturbance in the model, which are not necessary to satisfy the so-called matched condition. A robust sliding surface is designed, and then an adaptive sliding mode controller is designed based on the tracking error model. The proposed controller can drive the error dynamics onto the predefined sliding surface in a finite time, and guarantees the property of asymptotical stability without the information of upper bound of uncertainties as well as perturbations. Finally, simulations are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed control methods.
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