Over the past few decades, a great deal of research has been conducted to examine the complex relationship between team diversity and team outcomes. However, the impact of team diversity on team ...outcomes and moderating variables potentially affecting this relationship are still not fully answered with mixed findings in the literature. These research issues were, therefore, addressed by quantitatively reviewing extant work and provided estimates of the relationship between team diversity and team outcomes. In particular, the effects of task-related and bio-demographic diversity at the group-level were meta-analyzed to test the hypothesis of synergistic performance resulting from diverse employee teams. Support was found for the positive impact of task-related diversity on team performance although bio-demographic diversity was not significantly related to team performance. Similarly, no discernible effect of team diversity was found on social integration. The implications of the review for future research and practices are also discussed.
We describe a novel deep learning neural network method and its application to impute assay pIC
values. Unlike conventional machine learning approaches, this method is trained on sparse bioactivity ...data as input, typical of that found in public and commercial databases, enabling it to learn directly from correlations between activities measured in different assays. In two case studies on public domain data sets we show that the neural network method outperforms traditional quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models and other leading approaches. Furthermore, by focusing on only the most confident predictions the accuracy is increased to R
> 0.9 using our method, as compared to R
= 0.44 when reporting all predictions.
Antiepileptic drug (AED) exposure during pregnancy increases the risk of major congenital malformations (MCMs). The magnitude of this risk varies by AED exposure. Here we provide updated results from ...the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register of the risk of MCMs after monotherapy exposure to valproate, carbamazepine and lamotrigine.
Fifteen-year prospective observational study from 1996 until 2012. The main outcome measure is the MCM rate.
Informative outcomes were available for 5206 cases. 1290 women were exposed to valproate monotherapy, 1718 to carbamazepine monotherapy and 2198 to lamotrigine monotherapy. The MCM risk with valproate monotherapy exposure in utero was 6.7% (95% CI 5.5% to 8.3%) compared with 2.6% with carbamazepine (95% CI 1.9% to 3.5%) and 2.3% with lamotrigine (95% CI 1.8% to 3.1%). A significant dose effect was seen with valproate (p=0.0006) and carbamazepine (p=0.03) exposed pregnancies. A non-significant trend towards higher MCM rate with increasing dose was found with lamotrigine. MCM rate for high-dose lamotrigine (>400 mg daily) was lower than the MCM rate for pregnancies exposed to <600 mg daily of valproate, but this was not significant (3.4% vs 5.0%, p=0.31).
In utero exposure to valproate carries a significantly higher MCM risk than lamotrigine (p=0.0001) and carbamazepine (p=0.0001) monotherapy. In contrast to prior findings, high-dose lamotrigine was associated with fewer MCMs than all doses of valproate. While lamotrigine has a favourable profile compared with valproate for adverse pregnancy outcomes, the requirements for seizure control should not be overlooked.
An understanding of sleep requires the identification of distinct cellular circuits that mediate the action of specific sleep:wake-regulating molecules, but such analysis has been very limited. We ...identify here a circuit that underlies the wake-promoting effects of octopamine in
Drosophila. Using MARCM, we identified the ASM cells in the medial protocerebrum as the wake-promoting octopaminergic cells. We then blocked octopamine signaling in random areas of the fly brain and mapped the postsynaptic effect to insulin-secreting neurons of the pars intercerebralis (PI). These PI neurons show altered potassium channel function as well as an increase in cAMP in response to octopamine, and genetic manipulation of their electrical excitability alters sleep:wake behavior. Effects of octopamine on sleep:wake are mediated by the cAMP-dependent isoform of the OAMB receptor. These studies define the cellular and molecular basis of octopamine action and suggest that the PI is a sleep:wake-regulating neuroendocrine structure like the mammalian hypothalamus.
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► The ASM neurons in the protocerebrum are octopaminergic wake-promoting cells ► Octopamine acts through the OAMB receptor in
Dilp2 neurons to mediate wakefulness ► Octopamine increases cAMP and reduces a potassium current in
Dilp2 neurons
We have performed a parallel tempering crankshaft motion Monte Carlo simulation on a model of the GABA type A receptor with the aim of exploring a wide variety of local conformational space. We ...develop a novel method to analyse the protein movements in terms of a correlation tensor and use this to explore the gating process, that is, how agonist binding could cause ion channel opening. We find that simulated binding impulses to varying clusters of GABA binding site residues produce channel opening, and that equivalent impulses to single GABA sites produce partial opening.
•Prenatal topiramate exposure was associated with poorer adaptive behaviour outcomes.•An increased risk of autistic spectrum disorder was seen in this small cohort.•Further work is urgently required ...to understand topiramate's risk profile.
Many women with epilepsy need to continue anti-seizure medications (ASMs) throughout pregnancy. The current study investigated adaptive behaviour outcomes in children exposed to topiramate in the womb.
An observational, cross-sectional study was designed, recruiting mother-child-pairs from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register (UKEPR). Health, developmental histories and Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scale-Third Edition (VABS-III) assessments were administered via telephone by a blinded researcher, supplemented with prospectively collected pregnancy and medication information. Topiramate monotherapy exposed children were compared to VABS-III normative data as recruitment was disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Thirty-four women with epilepsy from 135 (25%) initially agreed to participate in the study, of whom 26 women completed telephone interviews about their children (n = 28). Children ranged from 2.5 to 17 years of age at the time of assessment. Six topiramate-exposed children were born small for gestational age, and there were significant associations between birthweight, dose and VABS-III scores. Significantly lower scores were observed in topiramate-exposed children (n = 21) with a significant dose-response relationship established after adjustment for parental educational level. Daily mean dosage was 280.21 mg, with high dosages of topiramate associated with a 12-point reduction in VABS-III scores. Additionally, four topiramate-exposed children (19.05%) had diagnoses of Autism Spectrum Disorder, which was significantly higher than UK prevalence rates (1.1%).
The findings of poorer adaptive behaviour, higher incidence of ASD and associations with birth weight are of concern and require further validation and replication using larger prospectively-recruited samples and comparator cohorts. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.
The New England Fishery Management Council used management strategy evaluation (MSE) to evaluate possible harvest control rules for Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), the first MSE in the US and ...perhaps globally to use open-invitation, public workshops for input. Stakeholder inclusion can increase both realism and likelihood of use by managers, but inclusivity is not achieved easily. Here, self-selected participants had diverse backgrounds and differing levels of interest and preparedness. We describe some challenges with directly engaging the public in MSE and offer broader insights for obtaining effective public participation during a decision-making process. Conducting an open MSE aligns well with publicly driven management but requires clear goals and communication. Investment in effective organizers, impartial facilitators, and knowledgeable analysts can improve communication and understanding of MSE to the betterment of fisheries management. We aim to further MSE best practices on integrating stakeholders and hope that our lessons learned on communication, engagement, and integration of MSE into an existing management arena will be useful to other practitioners.
We have performed docking simulations on GABARAP interacting with the GABA type A receptor using SwarmDock. We have also used a novel method to study hydration sites on the surface of these two ...proteins; this method identifies regions around proteins where desolvation is relatively easy, and these are possible locations where proteins can bind each other. There is a high degree of consistency between the predictions of these two methods. Moreover, we have also identified binding sites on GABARAP for other proteins, and listed possible binding sites for as yet unknown proteins on both GABARAP and the GABA type A receptor intracellular domain.
The pore-forming subunits of many ion channels exist in the membrane as one component of a regulatory protein complex, which may also contain one or more signaling proteins that contribute to the ...modulation of channel properties. Here I review this field, with emphasis on several different kinds of neuronal potassium channels for which the evidence for ion channel signaling complexes is most compelling. A key challenge for the future is to determine the roles of such signaling protein complexes in neuronal physiology and behavior.
Spatial spillovers – peer effects from neighboring actions on one's own decisions – play an important role in the diffusion of technologies, particularly the adoption of residential photovoltaic (PV) ...systems and have important implications for renewable energy policies meant to encourage small-scale solar energy generation. Existing research notes spillovers manifest at large spatial scales but evidence at smaller scales is currently absent. In this work, we examine if spatial spillovers in residential PV system adoptions exist at small scales – specifically within one's nearest set of neighbors – using spatially explicit data on residential PV installations from Baltimore, MD. We find strong evidence for the existence of spatial spillovers, with a neighboring installation increasing PV system adoption likelihood by 16.5–17.1 percent. The results indicate the presence of a potential multiplier effect that can be targeted by policymakers interested in encouraging solar energy development to meet renewable energy goals.
•Spatial spillovers play an important role in residential PV adoption decisions.•Observing a neighboring PV installation increases future installation 16.5–17.1%.•Policymakers may use this multiplier to encourage small-scale solar generation.
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