Dendritic cells (DCs) in tissues and lymphoid organs comprise distinct functional subsets that differentiate in situ from circulating progenitors. Tissue-specific signals that regulate DC subset ...differentiation are poorly understood. We report that DC-specific deletion of the Notch2 receptor caused a reduction of DC populations in the spleen. Within the splenic CD11b
+ DC subset, Notch signaling blockade ablated a distinct population marked by high expression of the adhesion molecule Esam. The Notch-dependent Esam
hi DC subset required lymphotoxin beta receptor signaling, proliferated in situ, and facilitated CD4
+ T cell priming. The Notch-independent Esam
lo DCs expressed monocyte-related genes and showed superior cytokine responses. In addition, Notch2 deletion led to the loss of CD11b
+CD103
+ DCs in the intestinal lamina propria and to a corresponding decrease of IL-17-producing CD4
+ T cells in the intestine. Thus, Notch2 is a common differentiation signal for T cell-priming CD11b
+ DC subsets in the spleen and intestine.
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► Notch2 controls differentiation of splenic classical DCs ► Notch2 dependence defines a distinct Esam
hi population of splenic CD11b
+ DCs ► The Esam
hi CD11b
+ DCs are required for CD4
+ T cell priming in the spleen ► Notch2 controls differentiation of CD11b
+CD103
+ DCs in the intestinal lamina propria
The sufficient conditions for exponential stability based on the Lyapunov–Razumikhin approach are obtained for the general class of nonlinear systems with delay and impulsive effects. These ...conditions depend on the maximum number of pulses that can occur during the time delay. The problem of complete synchronization of two identical electric power systems under impulsive perturbations where chaos may occur is solved in the case where the minimum time between pulses is no shorter than double delay time. A set of parameters of a power system model at which chaos can occur is exemplified.
The sorption of water vapor by ion-exchange materials is studied using a model that incorporates the interplay between changes in the energy of dissociation of ion-exchange groups and the osmotic ...effect. It is shown that first-order phase transitions in which a thin film of a sorbed liquid transforms into a thick film are possible at realistic values of system parameters and at both high and low values of relative air humidity. A criterion for a phase transition is established and the reasons for it are discussed. The phase transitions obtained in this work are observed experimentally as hysteresis in water vapor adsorption–desorption curves. At the same time, hysteresis observed in earlier studies at both high and low relative air humidities was explained by relying on different models developed separately for high and for low ranges of humidity. This work allows us to explain these critical phenomena using a single mathematical model.
Methodological aspects of creating a 3D lidar based on recording and processing 2D distributions of the intensity of time-truncated realizations of reflected light fields are examined. The advantages ...of the proposed method compared to "Range gated imager" ToF technologies are shown: a tenfold increase in range for the same power of the probe radiation; the possibility of implementing the method with a publicly available equipment base without drawing on specialized ToF processors.
Regulatory B cells (Breg) have immune suppressive functions in various autoimmune/inflammation models and diseases and are found to be enriched in diverse B cell subsets. The lack of a unique marker ...or set of markers efficiently identifying Breg cells impedes detailed investigation into their origin, development, and immunological roles. Here, we perform transcriptome analysis of IL-10-expressing B cells to identify key regulators for Breg biogenesis and function and identify CD9, a tetraspanin-family transmembrane protein, as a key surface marker for most mouse IL-10+ B cells and their progenitors. CD9 plays a role in the suppressive function of IL-10+ B cells in ex vivo T cell proliferation assays through a mechanism that is dependent upon B/T cell interactions. CD9+ B cells also demonstrate inhibition of Th1-mediated contact hypersensitivity in an in vivo model system. Taken together, our findings implicate CD9 in the immunosuppressive activity of regulatory B cells.
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•RNA profiling identifies key factors correlated with Breg biogenesis and function•IL-10competent B cells and their progenitors are distinguished by CD9•CD9 promotes suppressive function of IL-10competent Breg cells
The lack of unique marker(s) exclusively identifying regulatory B cells (Bregs) impedes further investigation into their origin, development, and role. Sun et al. profile mRNA and non-coding RNA expression of CD1dhiCD5+CD19+IL-10competent Bregs, identify key upstream regulators, and find CD9 is a functional marker of most IL-10competent Breg cells.
A
bstract
In the two Higgs doublet model, there is the possibility that the vacuum where the universe resides in is metastable. We present the tree-level bounds on the scalar potential parameters ...which have to be obeyed to prevent that situation. Analytical expressions for those bounds are shown for the most used potential, that with a softly broken
Z
2
symmetry. The impact of those bounds on the model’s phenomenology is discussed in detail, as well as the importance of the current LHC results in determining whether the vacuum we live in is or is not stable. We demonstrate how the vacuum stability bounds can be obtained for the most generic CP-conserving potential, and provide a simple method to implement them.
Pharmacological inhibitors of vesicle trafficking possess great promise as valuable analytical tools for the study of a variety of biological processes and as potential therapeutic agents to fight ...microbial infections and cancer. However, many commonly used trafficking inhibitors are characterized by poor selectivity that diminishes their use in solving basic problems of cell biology or drug development. Recent high-throughput chemical screens intensified the search for novel modulators of vesicle trafficking, and successfully identified a number of small molecules that inhibit exocytosis and endocytosis in different types of mammalian cells. This chapter provides a systematic overview of recently discovered inhibitors of vesicle trafficking. It describes cellular effects and mechanisms of action of novel inhibitors of exocytosis and endocytosis. Furthermore, it pays special attention to the selectivity and possible off-target effects of these inhibitors.
Operation of the plasma relativistic microwave generator is considered in a frequency range of 1‒5 GHz. From data on the generation frequencies and resonator parameters, the following fundamental ...characteristics of the longitudinal modes are determined: the wavelength, phase velocity and the effective resonator length. A method was suggested for calculating and determining these parameters. The fundamental mechanisms are considered for the spectra formation. It is noted that in different shots, the generation spectra are irreproducible. This fact is associated with the fact that the injection of the relativistic electron beam is also irreproducible.
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