The Coexistence Approach was established by Mosbrugger and Utescher (1997) as a plant-based method to reconstruct palaeoclimate by considering recent climatic distribution ranges of the nearest ...living relatives of each fossil taxon. During its existence for over more than 15years, its basics have been tested and reviewed in comparison with other terrestrial and marine climate reconstruction techniques and climate modelling data. However, some controversies remain about its underlying data or its applicability in general.
In view of these controversies this paper discusses the power and limitations of the Coexistence Approach by summarising past results and new developments. We give insights into the details and problems of each step of the application from the assignment of the fossil plant to the most suitable nearest living relative, the crucial consideration of the usefulness of specific taxa towards their climatic values and the correct interpretation of the software-based suggested palaeoclimatic intervals. Furthermore, we reflect on the fundamental data integrated in the Coexistence Approach by explaining different concepts and usages of plant distribution information and the advantages and disadvantages of modern climatic maps. Additionally, we elaborate on the importance of continually updating the information incorporated in the database due to new findings in e.g., (palaeo-)botany, meteorology and computer technology.
Finally, for a transparent and appropriate use, we give certain guidelines for future applications and emphasize to users how to carefully consider and discuss their results. We show the Coexistence Approach to be an adaptive method capable of yielding palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental information through time and space.
•New insight in the application of the Coexistence Approach is discussed.•15-year experience and results of this method are summarised.•Power and limits of the method are specified.•Necessary databases are reflected upon new scientific knowledge.•Guidelines for critical reconstruction of palaeoclimate are suggested.
The transverse voltage generated by a temperature gradient in a perpendicularly applied magnetic field, termed the Nernst effect, has promise for thermoelectric applications and for probing ...electronic structure. In magnetic materials, an anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) is possible in a zero magnetic field. We report a colossal ANE in the ferromagnetic metal UCo
Ru
Al, reaching 23 microvolts per kelvin. Uranium's 5
electrons provide strong electronic correlations that lead to narrow bands, a known route to producing a large thermoelectric response. In addition, uranium's strong spin-orbit coupling produces an intrinsic transverse response in this material due to the Berry curvature associated with the relativistic electronic structure. Theoretical calculations show that in UCo
Ru
Al at least 148 Weyl nodes, and two nodal lines, exist within 60 millielectron volt of the Fermi level. This work demonstrates that magnetic actinide materials can host strong Nernst and Hall responses due to their combined correlated and topological nature.
The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) package is an element of the Russian contribution to the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission. ACS consists of three separate infrared ...spectrometers, sharing common mechanical, electrical, and thermal interfaces. This ensemble of spectrometers has been designed and developed in response to the Trace Gas Orbiter mission objectives that specifically address the requirement of high sensitivity instruments to enable the unambiguous detection of trace gases of potential geophysical or biological interest. For this reason, ACS embarks a set of instruments achieving simultaneously very high accuracy (ppt level), very high resolving power (>10,000) and large spectral coverage (0.7 to 17 μm—the visible to thermal infrared range). The near-infrared (NIR) channel is a versatile spectrometer covering the 0.7–1.6 μm spectral range with a resolving power of ∼20,000. NIR employs the combination of an echelle grating with an AOTF (Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter) as diffraction order selector. This channel will be mainly operated in solar occultation and nadir, and can also perform limb observations. The scientific goals of NIR are the measurements of water vapor, aerosols, and dayside or night side airglows. The mid-infrared (MIR) channel is a cross-dispersion echelle instrument dedicated to solar occultation measurements in the 2.2–4.4 μm range. MIR achieves a resolving power of >50,000. It has been designed to accomplish the most sensitive measurements ever of the trace gases present in the Martian atmosphere. The thermal-infrared channel (TIRVIM) is a 2-inch double pendulum Fourier-transform spectrometer encompassing the spectral range of 1.7–17 μm with apodized resolution varying from 0.2 to 1.3 cm
−1
. TIRVIM is primarily dedicated to profiling temperature from the surface up to ∼60 km and to monitor aerosol abundance in nadir. TIRVIM also has a limb and solar occultation capability. The technical concept of the instrument, its accommodation on the spacecraft, the optical designs as well as some of the calibrations, and the expected performances for its three channels are described.
Abstract
Despite intensive studies on the complex perovskite Pb(Fe
2/3
W
1/3
)O
3
(PFWO) relaxor, understanding the exact nature of its multifunctional properties has remained a challenge for ...decades. In this work we report a comprehensive structural study of the PFWO single crystals using a combination of synchrotron X-ray diffraction and high-resolution electron microscopy. The set of {h + ½, k + ½, l + ½} superlattice reflections was observed for the first time based on single-crystal synchrotron X-ray experiments (100–450 K) and transmission electron microscopy investigations, which indicates some kind of B-cation ordering in PFWO which had been thought to be totally disordered. It was found that (1) the crystal structure of PFWO should be described by a partly ordered cubic perovskite (i.e.
Fm
−
3m
), (2) the weak ferromagnetic properties and excess magnetic moment of PFWO can be understood based on non-random distribution of Fe cations between the
4a
and
4b
sites, and (3) the Pb displacement disorder is present in this material and the cations are probably displaced along the directions. The X-ray diffraction results of this investigation show that partial cation ordering indeed exists in PFWO, which makes it necessary to revisit the generally accepted interpretations of the results obtained up to date. In agreement with X-ray diffraction study the main results of TEM study include: (1) a long range order that can be described with the
Fm
−
3m
symmetry is reliably detected, (2) the coherence length of that long range order is in the order of 1–2 nm and (3) no remarkable chemical inhomogeneity is found in the tested PFWO crystal, excluding the possibility of a compositional ordering arising from substitutional defects in the perovskite structure.
Introduction
Different areas of life quality are associated with emotional status. In pandemic
conditions, the index of life quality may contribute to emotional stability. However,
HIV-infected ...patients are at risk for affective disorders and are often characterized by a
low life rate.
Objectives
The study aimed to examine the relationship between life quality and emotional status
among HIV-infected patients during the second wave of the pandemic.
Methods
Data were collected between February and July 2021 using a Google form we developed.
Fifty-nine HIV-positive patients participated in the study. We used the WHOQOL-BREF to
examine the quality of life and the DASS-21 to determine depression, anxiety, and stress
levels. Both questionnaires were adapted for use in Russia.
Results
We found that 64 % of the respondents had no symptoms of depression, 61 % of the
patients reported no anxiety, and 71 % had no detectable stress. We found that physical and
psychological well-being was associated with depression (r
xy
= -0.318, p
< 0.05) and anxiety (r
xy
= -0.308, p < 0.05), microsocial support
was associated with depression (r
xy
= -0.430, p < 0.01) and anxiety
(r
xy
= -0.330, p < 0.05), social well-being with depression
(r
xy
= -0.375, p < 0.01), anxiety (r
xy
=
-0.448, p < 0.01) and stress (r
xy
= -0.362, p < 0.01).
Conclusions
During the second pandemic wave, the social well-being was most strongly associated
with emotional well-being among patients living with HIV. This indicates that different types
of social support are essential for this group of patients. Therefore, state authorities
should pay special attention to the social welfare of this group of patients.
Disclosure of Interest
None Declared
IntroductionPeople living with HIV are at risk to develop depression, anxiety, and stress. During the pandemic, their access to medical and social care has decreased. Baseline beliefs affect the ...experience of mental trauma.ObjectivesThe study aimed to determine the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress and assess the baseline beliefs among people living with HIV. In addition, the relationship of emotional reactions to baseline beliefs was analysed.MethodsData were collected from February 28 to July 11, 2021, using a Google form that we developed. Fifty-nine HIV-positive patients participated in the study. The DASS-21 was used to determine depression, anxiety, and stress levels, and the WAS-37 was used to examine baseline beliefs. Both questionnaires were adapted for use in Russia.ResultsWe found that 64 % of the respondents had no symptoms of depression, 61 % of patients reported no anxiety, and 71 % had no stress. Mean values on the scales of “Benevolence in the World” (M = 30.4±7.1) and “Justice” (M = 20.5±4.6) were below the mean normative values for the Russian population. In contrast, the scales of “Self-Image” (M = 30.1±5.4), “Luck” (M = 29.5±7.3), and “Controlling beliefs” (M = 27.1±4.4) were above the mean. Depression was associated with all types of baseline beliefs, anxiety was associated only with benevolence in the world (rxy = -0.309, p < 0.05), and stress was associated with benevolence (rxy = -0.281, p < 0.05) and luck (rxy = -0.258, p < 0.05).ConclusionsDuring the COVID-19, beliefs about the world’s benevolence are associated with emotional well-being among people living with HIV.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Introduction
The new coronavirus pandemic has brought the issue of life quality to the forefront. Among HIV-infected patients, life quality may be associated with fear of death.
Objectives
The study ...aimed to investigate the life quality and death fear among HIV-infected patients during the pandemic second wave in Russia.
Methods
The data were collected from February to July 2021 using a Google form that we developed. Fifty-nine patients living with HIV participated in the study. We used the WHOQOL-BREF to examine the quality of life and the Fear of Personal Death Scale to explore fear of death. Both questionnaires were adapted for use in Russia.
Results
We found the following mean values for the domains: “physical and psychological well-being” — M = 21.39±3.61; “self-perception” — M = 17.51±2.28; “microsocial support” — M = 9.15±2.94; “social well-being” — M = 24.81±5.33. We found that physical and psychological well-being were associated with the transcendental consequences of death (r
xy
= 0.274, p < 0.05), self-perception with body consequences (r
xy
= -0.304, p < 0.05) and fear of forgetting (r
xy
= -0.287, p < 0.05), and social well-being with body consequences (r
xy
= -0.310, p < 0.05).
Conclusions
Life quality is related to intrapersonal, interpersonal, and supra-personal dimensions of death fear during the second wave of the pandemic among patients living with HIV. Such fact may indicate possible psychotherapeutic targets when working with this group of patients.
Disclosure of Interest
None Declared
Introduction
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the need to adapt to rapidly changing external conditions has increased dramatically. Predictors of successful adaptation can be the degree of development ...of individual self-regulation and its profile. The emotional state depends on successful adaptation.
Objectives
The study aimed to examine the individual self-regulation of behaviour and emotional reactions among patients living with HIV in Russia.
Methods
The data were collected from February to July 2021 using a Google form developed by us. Fifty-nine HIV-positive patients participated in the study. To diagnose the development of individual self-regulation and its profile, we used the Self-Regulation Style Questionnaire, to study depression, anxiety, and stress — DASS-21 adapted for use in Russia.
Results
We found that 10 % of respondents had a low overall level of self-regulation, 53 % had an average level, and 37 % had a high level. The average individual profile was as follows: predominance of planning (M = 6.24±1.90) over modelling (M = 5.69±1.90), programming (M = 5.93±1.66), and evaluating results (M = 5.78±1.60), which were approximately at the same level. Flexibility (M = 6.58±1.90) and autonomy (M = 5.56±2.08) scores were in the average normal range. Only two correlations were found: modelling was negatively associated with depression (r
xy
= -0.336, p < 0.01) and anxiety (r
xy
= -0.275, p < 0.05).
Conclusions
Awareness and adequacy of perceptions of changes in external and internal significant conditions contribute to a favourable emotional status among people living with HIV.
Disclosure of Interest
None Declared
Abstract
Machine learning algorithms can be vulnerable to many forms of attacks aimed at leading the machine learning systems to make deliberate errors. The article provides an overview of attack ...technologies on the models and training datasets for the purpose of destructive (poisoning) effect. Experiments have been carried out to implement the existing attacks on various models. A comparative analysis of cyber-resistance of various models, most frequently used in operating systems, to destructive information actions has been prepared. The stability of various models most often used in applied problems to destructive information influences is investigated. The stability of the models is shown in case of poisoning up to 50% of the training data.
•Terahertz-infrared electrodynamic response for Ba0.2Pb0.8Al1-xFe12-xO19 crystals (x=0.0, 1.2, 3.0, 3.3) is studied in detail.•A set of THz excitations are observed and assigned to the transitions ...from A1-term of the fine structured ground state of Fe2+.•For all Al3+ concentrations, Al3+ ions mainly occupy octahedral site positions.•Concentration dependence of the Fe-O bond length is established.•The lowest A2u mode not soften indicating suppression of possible displacive phase transition in pure and lightly Pb-doped BaM.
Hexaferrite materials are highly demanded to develop and manufacture electronic devices operating at radio- and microwave frequencies. In the light of the prospects for their use in the forthcoming terahertz electronics, here, we present our results on the terahertz and infrared dielectric response of a typical representative of hexaferrites family, lead-substituted M-type barium hexaferrite doped with aluminum, Ba0.2Pb0.8AlxFe12-xO19, x(Al) = 0.0, 3.0, and 3.3. We studied uniquely large and high-quality single crystals of the compounds prepared by spontaneous crystallization growth technique. Our aim was to explore the effect of aluminum substitution on the dielectric response of the compounds. Systematic and detailed investigations of the dependences of terahertz-infrared (frequencies 8–8000 cm−1) spectra of complex dielectric permittivity on the temperature, 4–300 K, and on the chemical composition, x(Al) = 0.0, 1.2, 3.0, and 3.3, were performed for two principal polarizations of the electric field E-vector of the probing radiation relative to the crystallographic c-axis, namely E||c and E⊥c. Furthermore, infrared phonon resonances are recorded and discussed. In contrast to undoped BaFe12O19, no softening of the lowest frequency A2u phonon is observed, indicating suppression of a displacive phase transition in substituted compounds. A number of resonance absorption bands are discovered at terahertz frequencies and assigned to transitions between energy levels of the fine-structured ground state of Fe2+ (5E) ions. The temperature and aluminum-doping dependences of the resonances are analyzed with an account taken of disorder introduced by aluminum. Basing on dielectric data and detailed X-ray experiments, we find that for all concentrations of Al3+ ions, x(Al) = 0.0, 1.2, 3.0, and 3.3, they mainly occupy the 2a and 12k octahedral site positions and that the degree of substitution of iron in tetrahedral positions is not substantial. Along with fundamental findings, the obtained data on broad-band dielectric properties of Ba0.2Pb0.8AlxFe12-xO19 crystals provides the information that can be used for development and manufacture of electronic devices with operating frequencies lying in the terahertz spectral band.
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