Recent research suggests that occupations and organizations intersect during the formation of wage inequality. Using administrative data from the Netherlands, I investigate whether workers who are ...employed in different occupations experience unequal wage growth when staying in an organization. Results reveal that workers in professional and managerial positions realize larger wage growth than workers who work initially in lower-status occupations. After six years of staying at the same organization, predicted wage growth rates vary between 5.44% for production workers and 10.18% for technical professionals. The findings indicate that occupations compound present and future wage advantages at the organizational level. I test whether occupational sorting across organizations with differing pay quality mediates part of the occupation-based heterogeneity in wage growth. The results show that occupational sorting is marked but that sorting explains only up to around 8% of inequality in firm-internal wage growth between different occupational classes in the Dutch labor market.
Abstract
Wage inequality between workers with different levels of educational attainment has been shown to increase over the life course. In this study, we investigate to what extent this growth is ...explained by temporary employment. Using linked employer-employee register data from the Netherlands, we follow the labour market careers of workers born in 1979. We decompose the impact of temporary employment on the change in the wage gap over the life course into two distinct components: (i) changes in group-specific temporary employment rates (risk) and (ii) changes in group-specific effects of temporary employment on wages (vulnerability). In line with previous research, we find a marked growth of the educational wage gap over the life course in the Netherlands. While group differences in temporary employment risk changed throughout the observation period to the detriment of less-educated workers, group differences in vulnerability to temporary employment diverged specifically during the early life course. Overall, temporary employment explains around 9 per cent of the change in the wage gap between workers with different levels of educational attainment by the age of 38 relative to age 28.
Recent studies have identified both occupations and organizations as important structures underpinning wage inequality in the labor market. In this article we investigate how the two structures might ...work together in explaining inequality. More specifically, we study how organizations affect between- and within-occupation inequality. Using a combination of Dutch linked employer-employee register data and the Dutch labor force survey, we find that organizations are more important in explaining wage differentials between occupations than wage inequality between workers with the same occupation. While organizations are far away from solely driving heterogeneity in pay among workers in the same occupation, we find that the sorting of high-paying occupations in high-paying firms (and vice versa) is an important mechanism by which both structures affect inequality. Our findings emphasize the importance of moving away from an isolated study of occupations or organizations towards an analytical integration of both structures for understanding wage inequality.
In this work, a
nonaqueous
method is used to fabricate thin TiO
2
layers. In contrast to the common aqueous sol–gel approach, our method yields layers of anatase nanocrystallites already at low ...temperature. Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy and charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage are employed to study the effect of sintering temperature on the structural and electronic properties of the nanocrystalline TiO
2
layer. Raising the sintering temperature from 120 to 600 °C is found to alter the chemical composition, the layer’s porosity and its surface but not the crystal phase. The room temperature mobility increases from 2 × 10
−6
to 3 × 10
−5
cm
2
/Vs when the sinter temperature is increased from 400 to 600 °C, which is explained by a better interparticle connectivity. Solar cells comprising such nanoporous TiO
2
layers and a soluble derivative of cyclohexylamino-poly(
p
-phenylene vinylene) were fabricated and studied with regard to their structural and photovoltaic properties. We found only weak polymer infiltration into the oxide layer for sintering temperatures up to 550 °C, while the polymer penetrated deeply into titania layers that were sintered at 600 °C. Best photovoltaic performance was reached with a nanoporous TiO
2
film sintered at 550 °C, which yielded a power conversion efficiency of 0.5 %. Noticeably, samples with the TiO
2
layer dried at 120 °C displayed short-circuit currents and open circuit voltages only about 15–20 % lower than for the most efficient devices, meaning that our nonaqueous route yields titania layers with reasonable transport properties even at low sintering temperatures.
The alignment behaviour of a nematic-columnar phase forming discotic liquid crystal was explored on various substrates. The mesogen employed was a new star-shaped monodisperse oligomesogen ...characterized by three flat radial pentaalkynylbenzene moieties grafted to a central benzene linking unit via flexible alkyl spacers. It is shown that suitable polyimide orientation layers along with the mesomorphic properties give rise to a tilted alignment of the disc-shaped pentayne cores. The photoluminescence spectra of oriented films were lineary polarized upon isotropic excitation and unambigiously reveal that, beside the tilted alignment of the rigid cores, the molecular directors of the discotic building blocks preferentially are oriented along the rubbing direction of the orientation layer. The three-dimensional ordering is stable even at room temperature due to the glass forming properties of the applied discotic mesogen.
