Craniofacial hard tissue mainly includes craniofacial bone and tooth, which is one of the important parts of the mouth-jaw system. Congenital aplasia, tumors and trauma can cause large craniofacial ...hard tissue defects, which are detrimental to the facial appearance and function of patients, and affect the physical and mental health of patients. Histone acetylation modification is the earliest and most widely studied histone modification, which is an epigenetic modification mechanism jointly regulated by histone acetyltransferase and histone deacetylase. In this paper, we will review the research progress of histone acetylation mediated by histone acetyltransferase and histone deacetylase in the development and regeneration of craniofacial hard tissue.
Ubiquitously distributed in different plant species, plant lectins are highly diverse carbohydrate‐binding proteins of non‐immune origin. They have interesting pharmacological activities and ...currently are of great interest to thousands of people working on biomedical research in cancer‐related problems. It has been widely accepted that plant lectins affect both apoptosis and autophagy by modulating representative signalling pathways involved in Bcl‐2 family, caspase family, p53, PI3K/Akt, ERK, BNIP3, Ras‐Raf and ATG families, in cancer. Plant lectins may have a role as potential new anti‐tumour agents in cancer drug discovery. Thus, here we summarize these findings on pathway‐ involved plant lectins, to provide a comprehensive perspective for further elucidating their potential role as novel anti‐cancer drugs, with respect to both apoptosis and autophagy in cancer pathogenesis, and future therapy.
Summary
A state-transition microsimulation model was used to project the substantial economic burden to the Chinese healthcare system of osteoporosis-related fractures. Annual number and costs of ...osteoporosis-related fractures were estimated to double by 2035 and will increase to 5.99 (95 % CI 5.44, 6.55) million fractures costing $25.43 (95 % CI 23.92, 26.95) billion by 2050. Consequently, cost-effective intervention policies must urgently be identified in an attempt to minimize the impact of fractures.
Introduction
The aim of the study was to project the osteoporosis-related fractures and costs for the Chinese population aged ≥50 years from 2010 to 2050.
Methods
A state-transition microsimulation model was used to simulate the annual incident fractures and costs. The simulation was performed with a 1-year cycle length and from the Chinese healthcare system perspective. Incident fractures and annual costs were estimated from 100 unique patient populations for year 2010, by multiplying the age- and sex-specific annual fracture risks and costs of fracture by the corresponding population totals in each of the 100 categories. Projections for 2011–2050 were performed by multiplying the 2010 risks and costs of fracture by the respective annual population estimates. Costs were presented in 2013 US dollars.
Results
Approximately 2.33 (95 % CI 2.08, 2.58) million osteoporotic fractures were estimated to occur in 2010, costing $9.45 (95 % CI 8.78, 10.11) billion. Females sustained approximately three times more fractures than males, accounting for 76 % of the total costs from 1.85 (95 % CI 1.68, 2.01) million fractures. The annual number and costs of osteoporosis-related fractures were estimated to double by 2035 and will increase to 5.99 (95 % CI 5.44, 6.55) million fractures costing $25.43 (95 % CI 23.92, 26.95) billion by 2050.
Conclusions
Our study demonstrated that osteoporosis-related fractures cause a substantial economic burden which will markedly increase over the coming decades. Consequently, healthcare resource planning must consider these increasing costs, and cost-effective screening and intervention policies must urgently be identified in an attempt to minimize the impact of fractures on the health of the burgeoning population as well as the healthcare budget.
The prevalence of articular cartilage injuries and osteoarthritis (OA) is high, affecting a wide range of individuals. The self-repair ability of cartilage tissue is poor, and once damaged, it will ...irreversibly progress to OA. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play an important role in the field of regenerative medicine and are considered one of the most promising seed cells for cartilage repair and regeneration. In this article, based on the latest clinical research findings from both domestic and international sources, the theoretical basis, treatment goals, significance, sources, characteristics, clinical implementation plans, and efficacy of using MSCs for the treatment of cartilage injuries or osteoarthritis are reviewed. The article also discusses the challenges faced and future directions that need to be addressed in the clinical application of MSCs.
Body-center tetragonal (BCT) β-Sn crystals exhibit highly anisotropic properties such as stiffness and thermal expansion, which significantly affect their thermal-mechanical behavior. The homologous ...temperature of β-Sn is relatively high under common applications due to its low melting point, which renders Sn and Sn-based alloys viscoplastic even at room temperature. The orientation-dependent creep behavior of β-Sn specimens have been previously measured by different research groups. A dislocation mechanics based crystal viscoplasticity model is applied in this study to describe this anisotropic steady-state creep behavior of β-Sn single crystals. The model constants are calibrated with single-crystal creep test results available in the literature. The resulting creep behavior of β-Sn single-crystal is also represented with a homogenized continuum-scale finite element approach based on the use of a combined Hill-Norton approach where the creep anisotropy is represented with Hill's anisotropic potential and the creep flow rule is represented with Norton's power-law model. Estimation of the six Hill's constants for β-Sn requires multiple creep tests under specific stress states, for single crystals along crystal principal directions. In this study, these physical creep tests are replaced with ‘virtual tests’ conducted with the developed dislocation-based crystal-viscoplasticity model. To assess the ability of the Hill-Norton finite element approach to represent dislocation creep, the finite element simulation results are compared with results of: (i) physical tests on single crystal specimens reported in the literature; and (ii) crystal-viscoplasticity modeling along many crystal orientations (beyond the fundamental calibration cases conducted along crystal principal directions). In future studies, this approach will be used for anisotropic finite element modeling of creep in polycrystalline specimens.
•A crystal-viscoplasticity (CV) modeling approach was developed for anisotropic creep.•CV prediction for steady-state creep was calibrated with tests on single crystal tin.•A finite element approach is proposed based on Hill-Norton anisotropic model.•Hill-Norton model constants were estimated from CV predictions.
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have important roles in diverse biological processes. Our previous study has revealed that lncRNA-MALAT1 deregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of ...diabetes-related microvascular disease, diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, the role of MALAT1 in retinal vasculature remodeling still remains elusive. Here we show that MALAT1 expression is significantly upregulated in the retinas of STZ-induced diabetic rats and db/db mice. MALAT1 knockdown could obviously ameliorate DR in vivo, as shown by pericyte loss, capillary degeneration, microvascular leakage, and retinal inflammation. Moreover, MALAT1 knockdown could regulate retinal endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation in vitro. The crosstalk between MALAT1 and p38 MAPK signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of endothelial cell function. MALAT1 upregulation represents a critical pathogenic mechanism for diabetes-induced microvascular dysfunction. Inhibition of MALAT1 may serve as a potential target for anti-angiogenic therapy for diabetes-related microvascular complications.
Development of brown-like/beige adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) helps to reduce obesity. Thus we investigated the effects of resveratrol, a dietary polyphenol capable of preventing obesity ...and related complications in humans and animal models, on brown-like adipocyte formation in inguinal WAT (iWAT).
CD1 female mice (5-month old) were fed a high-fat diet with/without 0.1% resveratrol. In addition, primary stromal vascular cells separated from iWAT were subjected to resveratrol treatment. Markers of brown-like (beige) adipogenesis were measured and the involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) α1 was assessed using conditional knockout.
Resveratrol significantly increased mRNA and/or protein expression of brown adipocyte markers, including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), PR domain-containing 16, cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector A, elongation of very long-chain fatty acids protein 3, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α, cytochrome c and pyruvate dehydrogenase, in differentiated iWAT stromal vascular cells (SVCs), suggesting that resveratrol induced brown-like adipocyte formation in vitro. Concomitantly, resveratrol markedly enhanced AMPKα1 phosphorylation and differentiated SVC oxygen consumption. Such changes were absent in cells lacking AMPKα1, showing that AMPKα1 is a critical mediator of resveratrol action. Resveratrol also induced beige adipogenesis in vivo along with the appearance of multiocular adipocytes, increased UCP1 expression and enhanced fatty acid oxidation.
Resveratrol induces brown-like adipocyte formation in iWAT via AMPKα1 activation and suggest that its beneficial antiobesity effects may be partly due to the browning of WAT and, as a consequence, increased oxygen consumption.
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