Students develop diversity-relevant graduate attributes over time. First steps to cross-cultural competency include learning to recognise and respectfully engage with competing interpretations of ...history and disparate positionalities, including Indigenous diversity. To learn such skills, students need multiple non-threatening opportunities to encounter difference during their degree. This article examines a place-based subject that fosters a pluralist learning culture by holding divergent views in productive tension whilst undertaking immersive site visits, including to The Man From Snowy River Bush Festival. Participants who engaged in critical self-reflection and social 'perspective taking' were found to have enhanced capacity to recognise and negotiate competing epistemologies. Acknowledging disparate standpoints appears to be crucial to non-binary engagement with Indigenous perspectives. These findings hold implications for university approaches to the inclusion of Indigenous views and voices in non-specialist subjects.
Working from a case study of Latinx immigrant settlement in a Black-White community in North Carolina, this article draws on social psychology, racial formation theory, and intersectional theory to ...produce the theory of racial status. This integrative theory better accounts for how race relations are formed and transformed, particularly among non-Whites. Racial status theory proposes that groups are most likely to get along when they believe their racial status is shared. In conceptualizing race as a status rather than a category, the author theorizes shared racial status as the product of three mechanisms: contact, discrimination, and external threat. These three mechanisms determine whether or not the boundaries of racial status shift and, when they do, in what direction. Moreover, in retheorizing intergroup relations dynamics through racial status, the author posits that collective racial status building is the process by which linked fate occurs on the one hand and assimilation on the other, suggesting new frameworks not only for understanding intergroup relations, but also for revealing dynamics of integration among immigrant newcomers and racial politics.
Hillary Clinton is arguably the most prominent woman in American politics today. Past research suggests female politicians conform to masculine communication styles in an attempt to evade the “double ...bind.” Clinton’s long and varied career thus provides an important and useful case study for investigating how female politicians present themselves strategically. Drawing on research in political psychology, political communication, social psychology, and linguistics I examine whether Clinton talked “like a man” as she navigated a path toward political leadership by conducting a quantitative textual analysis of 567 interview transcripts and candidate debates between 1992–2013. Results on Clinton’s linguistic style suggest her language grew increasingly masculine over time, as her involvement and power in politics expanded. I also consider Clinton’s language in the context of her 2007–2008 presidential campaign. In 2007, Clinton’s linguistic style was consistently masculine, supporting widespread accounts of Clinton’s campaign strategy. Beginning in late 2007, however, Clinton’s language became more feminine, reflecting a shift in the self-presentational strategies advised by her campaign staff. Throughout the 2008 campaign period, Clinton’s language fluctuated dramatically from one interview to the next, reflecting a candidate—and campaign—in crisis. This study reveals hidden insight into the strategies Clinton used as she navigated through the labyrinth toward leadership. Changes in Clinton’s linguistic style reflect the performance of gendered roles, expectations of political leaders, and the masculine norms of behavior that permeate political institutions.
Traditionally, the viral replication cycle is envisioned as a single, well-defined loop with four major steps: attachment and entry into a target cell, replication of the viral genome, maturation of ...viral proteins and genome packaging into infectious progeny, and egress and dissemination to the next target cell. However, for many viruses, a growing body of evidence points towards extreme heterogeneity in each of these steps. In this Review, we reassess the major steps of the viral replication cycle by highlighting recent advances that show considerable variability during viral infection. First, we discuss heterogeneity in entry receptors, followed by a discussion on error-prone and low-fidelity polymerases and their impact on viral diversity. Next, we cover the implications of heterogeneity in genome packaging and assembly on virion morphology. Last, we explore alternative egress mechanisms, including tunnelling nanotubes and host microvesicles. In summary, we discuss the implications of viral phenotypic, morphological and genetic heterogeneity on pathogenesis and medicine. This Review highlights common themes and unique features that give nuance to the viral replication cycle.
Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EV), including exosomes and microvesicles, are nano-sized intercellular communication vehicles that participate in a multitude of physiological processes. Due to ...their biological properties, they are also promising candidates for the systemic delivery of therapeutic compounds, such as cytokines, chemotherapeutic drugs, siRNAs and viral vectors. However, low EV production yield and rapid clearance of administered EV by liver macrophages limit their potential use as therapeutic vehicles. We have used a hollow-fiber bioreactor for the efficient production of bioactive EV bearing the heterodimeric cytokine complex Interleukin-15:Interleukin-15 receptor alpha. Bioreactor culture yielded ∼40-fold more EV per mL conditioned medium, as compared to conventional cell culture. Biophysical analysis and comparative proteomics suggested a more diverse population of EV in the bioreactor preparations, while serum protein contaminants were detectable only in conventional culture EV preparations. We also identified the Scavenger Receptor Class A family (SR-A) as a novel monocyte/macrophage uptake receptor for EV. In vivo blockade of SR-A with dextran sulfate dramatically decreased EV liver clearance in mice, while enhancing tumor accumulation. These findings facilitate development of EV therapeutic methods.
Alcohol and other substance use disorders are commonly associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the presence of these comorbidities is associated with worse treatment outcomes. ...Additionally, disparities in substance and PTSD prevalence have been associated with minority races and ethnicities, and minorities have been shown to be less likely to engage in treatment. Psychedelic-assisted treatments, including 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), have shown preliminary trans-diagnostic effectiveness, however it is unknown how individuals with substance use disorders view the therapeutic potential of MDMA therapy. Previous studies have also shown that minority races and ethnicities are under-represented in the MDMA trials, leading to concerns about inequitable access to clinical treatment.
To explore demographic characteristics related to patient-level perspectives on the therapeutic potential of MDMA-assisted therapy, this study describes data from a nationwide, cross-sectional survey of 918 individuals self-reporting criteria consistent with alcohol or substance use disorders.
Overall, a majority of individuals reported support for medical research of MDMA (68.1%), belief that MDMA-assisted therapy might be a useful treatment (70.1%), and willingness to try MDMA-assisted therapy if it were determined to be an appropriate treatment for them (58.8%). No race or ethnicity differences were found in support for further research or belief in effectiveness, however there were small disparities in terms of willingness to try MDMA-assisted therapy and concerns related to use of this treatment approach.
These results provide insights and future directions as the field of psychedelic-assisted therapy seeks to provide equitable access to clinical care and to diversify research participation.
Methodological advances in dating the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition provide a better understanding of the replacement of local Neanderthal populations by Anatomically Modern Humans. Today we ...know that this replacement was not a single, pan-European event, but rather it took place at different times in different regions. Thus, local conditions could have played a role. Iberia represents a significant macro-region to study this process. Northern Atlantic Spain contains evidence of both Mousterian and Early Upper Paleolithic occupations, although most of them are not properly dated, thus hindering the chances of an adequate interpretation. Here we present 46 new radiocarbon dates conducted using ultrafiltration pre-treatment method of anthropogenically manipulated bones from 13 sites in the Cantabrian region containing Mousterian, Aurignacian and Gravettian levels, of which 30 are considered relevant. These dates, alongside previously reported ones, were integrated into a Bayesian age model to reconstruct an absolute timescale for the transitional period. According to it, the Mousterian disappeared in the region by 47.9-45.1ka cal BP, while the Châtelperronian lasted between 42.6k and 41.5ka cal BP. The Mousterian and Châtelperronian did not overlap, indicating that the latter might be either intrusive or an offshoot of the Mousterian. The new chronology also suggests that the Aurignacian appears between 43.3-40.5ka cal BP overlapping with the Châtelperronian, and ended around 34.6-33.1ka cal BP, after the Gravettian had already been established in the region. This evidence indicates that Neanderthals and AMH co-existed <1,000 years, with the caveat that no diagnostic human remains have been found with the latest Mousterian, Châtelperronian or earliest Aurignacian in Cantabrian Spain.
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) exist worldwide, with high prevalence in North America. IBD is complex and costly, and its increasing prevalence places a greater stress on health care systems. We ...aimed to determine the past current, and future prevalences of IBD in Canada.
We performed a retrospective cohort study using population-based health administrative data from Alberta (2002–2015), British Columbia (1997–2014), Manitoba (1990–2013), Nova Scotia (1996–2009), Ontario (1999–2014), Quebec (2001–2008), and Saskatchewan (1998–2016). Autoregressive integrated moving average regression was applied, and prevalence, with 95% prediction intervals (PIs), was forecasted to 2030. Average annual percentage change, with 95% confidence intervals, was assessed with log binomial regression.
In 2018, the prevalence of IBD in Canada was estimated at 725 per 100,000 (95% PI 716–735) and annual average percent change was estimated at 2.86% (95% confidence interval 2.80%–2.92%). The prevalence in 2030 was forecasted to be 981 per 100,000 (95% PI 963–999): 159 per 100,000 (95% PI 133–185) in children, 1118 per 100,000 (95% PI 1069–1168) in adults, and 1370 per 100,000 (95% PI 1312–1429) in the elderly. In 2018, 267,983 Canadians (95% PI 264,579–271,387) were estimated to be living with IBD, which was forecasted to increase to 402,853 (95% PI 395,466–410,240) by 2030.
Forecasting prevalence will allow health policy makers to develop policy that is necessary to address the challenges faced by health systems in providing high-quality and cost-effective care.
Jones explores the stylistic aspects of the Greek Psalter that point both to the translator's respect for his Hebrew source and to his concern for creating a text that could be read aloud or ...performed within the ancient Jewish-Greek community.
To analyze EVs with conventional flow cytometers, most researchers will find it necessary to bind EVs to beads that are large enough to be individually resolved on the flow cytometer available in ...their lab or facility. Although high-resolution flow cytometers are available and are being used for EV analysis, the use of these instruments for studying EVs requires careful use and validation by experienced small-particle flow cytometrists, beyond the scope of this chapter. Shown here is a method for using streptavidin-coated beads to capture biotinylated antibodies, and stain the bead-bound EVs with directly conjugated antibodies. We find that this method is a useful tool not only on its own, without further high resolution flow cytometric analysis, but also as a means for optimizing staining methods and testing new labels for later use in high resolution, single EV flow cytometric studies. The end of the chapter includes sphere-packing calculations to quantify aspects of EV- and bead-surface geometry, as a reference for use as readers of this chapter optimize their own flow cytometry assays with EVs.
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