The past few decades have been marked by a substantial increase in health spending in Central and Eastern European countries. At the same time, healthcare systems have experienced significant ...changes, as a consequence of economic and political transformation processes that these countries have undergone after the fall of communism. The aim of this paper was to briefly present current situation and trends in healthcare financing in Central and Eastern European countries. Our approach is based on an analysis of a number of healthcare expenditures indicators which are connected to healthcare spending patterns in each of these countries. Comparative research of these countries aims to demonstrate a degree of similarities or variations in the structure and finances in health systems. According to results, public involvement in health financing is still dominant in the majority of countries, but it has recorded a downward trend. On the other hand, private spending has been increasing mostly due to increase in out-of-pocket payments.
Managerial economics, with its specificity, provides a special insight into the management of private health care institutions. According to the sources of the Financial Agency (FINA) and the ...national classification of activities (8622 and 8610), the observed industry in the Republic of Croatia in 2020 contains 675 entities, out of which 9 are in special private hospitals (8610), and others are in specialist medical practice (8622). The effectiveness of managers in conditions of uncertainty and increased risk is reflected in the availability of information and their experience in similar situations. Precisely the lack of information that was present at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic indicates the effective strategic thinking of managers (owners) of the observed institutions who responded in a timely manner to market needs in these conditions. In doing so, they acted as a substitute for specialist health care because it was not able to provide adequate service to the required extent. Key words: managerial economics, private health care, COVID-19 pandemic, company, market structure
This study estimates the impact of health capital on economic growth in 10 Balkan countries over the 2000-2019 period. We used panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) of a pooled mean group (PMG) ...to examine this relationship. Our results revealed that economic growth responds to short-term and long-term health capital changes. Estimation results indicate a positive relationship between health capital and the economic growth of Balkan countries. According to the results, increased health expenditure stimulates higher economic growth and development. The findings imply the need to formulate policies that assign higher priority to the healthcare sector, which would help sustain future economic growth in Balkan countries.
Ekonomske krize tijekom povijesti često su bile poticaj za zdravstvene i socijalne reforme.
Rezultat toga bilo je uvođenje sustava opće zdravstvene zaštite i socijalne jednakosti u velikom
broju ...zemalja. Ovim radom željeli smo kronološki prikazati velike gospodarske krize
i njihove učinke na zdravstveni i socijalni sustav. Dva najpoznatija modela zdravstvene
zaštite, Bismarckov i Beveridgeov, na kojima se temelji funkcioniranje većine zdravstvenih
sustava u svijetu, upravo su proizišli iz velikih ekonomskih kriza.
Pregled povijesnih događaja i iskustva iz prošlosti mogu biti korisna u predviđanju budućih
zbivanja i učinaka krize na zdravstvene sustave i zdravlje. Analiza prijašnjih kriza, kao i
trenutačne zdravstvene i gospodarske krize uzrokovane pandemijom bolesti COVID-19, i
njihova učinka na sustav zdravstva može pomoći u razumijevanju mehanizama djelovanja
i posljedica recesije na zdravlje te određivanju smjernica i promjena kojima bi se umanjile
potencijalne štete budućih kriza. Upravo iz iznesenih povijesnih primjera vidi se da kriza
može biti poticaj promjena koje u svojoj suštini ne moraju biti negativne. O reakciji društva
ovisi koji će biti smjer tih promjena i na samom je društvu da negativne okolnosti koje donosi
recesija transformira u aktivnosti koje donose dobrobit i napredak.
Economic crises throughout history have often given an impetus for health and social reforms leading to the introduction of general healthcare systems and social equality in a large number of ...countries. The aim of this paper is to present the major economic crises and their effect on healthcare and social system chronologically. Bismarck's and Beveridge's model, the two most prominent healthcare models, which emerged primarily as a response to major economic crises, constitute the basis for the functioning of most health care systems in the world. An overview of historical events and experiences may be valuable in predicting future developments and potential effects of the crisis on healthcare systems and health in general. An analysis of past crises as well as current health and economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on the healthcare system can facilitate the comprehension of the mechanisms of action and consequences of economic recession. It may also help identify guidelines and changes that might reduce the potential damage caused by future crises. The historical examples presented show that a crisis could trigger changes, which, in theiressence, are not necessarily negative. The response of society as a whole determines the direction of these changes, and it is up to society to transform the negative circumstances brought about by the recession into activities that contribute to general well-being and progress.
Upravljačka ekonomika sa svojim specifičnim obilježjima pruža poseban uvid u upravljanje privatnim institucijama zdravstvene skrbi. Prema izvorima Financijske agencije (FINA) i nacionalnoj ...klasifikaciji djelatnosti (8622 i 8610), u 2020. godini analizirana industrija u Republici Hrvatskoj sadržavala je 675 subjekata, od kojih su 9 bile specijalne privatne bolnice (8610), a ostale specijalističke liječničke prakse (8622). Učinkovitost menadžera u uvjetima nesigurnosti i povećanog rizika odražava se u dostupnosti informacija i njihovom iskustvu u sličnim situacijama. Upravo nedostatak informacija koji je bio prisutan u vrijeme pandemije COVID-19 upućuje na učinkovito strateško razmišljanje menadžera (vlasnika) analiziranih institucija koji su pravovremeno reagirali na potrebe tržišta u tim uvjetima. Postupajući na taj način djelovali su kao nadomjestak za specijalističku zdravstvenu skrb koja nije mogla pružiti adekvatne usluge u potrebnoj mjeri.
The past few decades have been marked by a substantial increase in health spending in Central and Eastern European countries. At the same time, healthcare systems have experienced significant ...changes, as a consequence of economic and political transformation processes that these countries have undergone after the fall of communism. The aim of this paper was to briefly present current situation and trends in healthcare financing in Central and Eastern European countries. Our approach is based on an analysis of a number of healthcare expenditures indicators which are connected to healthcare spending patterns in each of these countries. Comparative research of these countries aims to demonstrate a degree of similarities or variations in the structure and finances in health systems. According to results, public involvement in health financing is still dominant in the majority of countries, but it has recorded a downward trend. On the other hand, private spending has been increasing mostly due to increase in out-of-pocket payments. Keywords: healthcare expenditures, public health spending, out-of-pocket payments, CEE countries. JEL classification: H51, I10, O52 Posljednjih nekoliko desetljeca obiljezeno je znatnim porastom izdataka za zdravstvo u zemljama Sredisnje i Istocne Europe. Istovremeno, sustavi zdravstvene skrbi iskusili su znacajne promjene uslijed procesa gospodarske i politicke transformacije koje su te zemlje prosle nakon pada komunizma. Cilj je ovoga rada ukratko prikazati trenutnu situaciju i trendove u financiranju zdravstvene skrbi u zemljama Sredisnje i Istocne Europe. Nas se pristup temelji na analizi niza pokazatelja izdataka za zdravstvenu skrb koji su povezani s uzorcima za izdatke za zdravstvenu skrb u svakoj od tih zemalja. Komparativno istrazivanje tih zemalja nastoji ukazati na stupanj slicnosti ili varijacija u strukturi i financijama sustava zdravstvene skrbi. Prema rezultatima, javno financiranje zdravstva jos je uvijek dominantno u vecini zemalja, ali biljezi trend opadanja. S druge strane, privatno trosenje se povecava uglavnom zbog povecanja neposrednih placanja. Kljucne rijeci: izdaci za zdravstvenu skrb, javni rashodi za zdravstvo, neposredna placanja, zemlje Sredisnje i Istocne Europe.
Posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća obilježeno je znatnim porastom izdataka za zdravstvo u zemljama Središnje i Istočne Europe. Istovremeno, sustavi zdravstvene skrbi iskusili su značajne promjene ...uslijed procesa gospodarske i političke transformacije koje su te zemlje prošle nakon pada komunizma. Cilj je ovoga rada ukratko prikazati trenutnu situaciju i trendove u financiranju zdravstvene skrbi u zemljama Središnje i Istočne Europe. Naš se pristup temelji na analizi niza pokazatelja izdataka za zdravstvenu skrb koji su povezani s uzorcima za izdatke za zdravstvenu skrb u svakoj od tih zemalja. Komparativno istraživanje tih zemalja nastoji ukazati na stupanj sličnosti ili varijacija u strukturi i financijama sustava zdravstvene skrbi. Prema rezultatima, javno financiranje zdravstva još je uvijek dominantno u većini zemalja, ali bilježi trend opadanja. S druge strane, privatno trošenje se povećava uglavnom zbog povećanja neposrednih plaćanja.
Managerial economics, with its specificity, provides a special insight into the management of private health care institutions. According to the sources of the Financial Agency (FINA) and the ...national classification of activities (8622 and 8610), the observed industry in the Republic of Croatia in 2020 contains 675 entities, out of which 9 are in special private hospitals (8610), and others are in specialist medical practice (8622). The effectiveness of managers in conditions of uncertainty and increased risk is reflected in the availability of information and their experience in similar situations. Precisely the lack of information that was present at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic indicates the effective strategic thinking of managers (owners) of the observed institutions who responded in a timely manner to market needs in these conditions. In doing so, they acted as a substitute for specialist health care because it was not able to provide adequate service to the required extent. Keywords: managerial economics, private health care, COVID-19 pandemic, company, market structure. JEL classification: D4, I1, L1 Upravljacka ekonomika sa svojim specificnim obiljezjima pruza poseban uvid u upravljanje privatnim institucijama zdravstvene skrbi. Prema izvorima Financijske agencije (FINA) i nacionalnoj klasifikaciji djelatnosti (8622 i 8610), u 2020. godini analizirana industrija u Republici Hrvatskoj sadrzavala je 675 subjekata, od kojih su 9 bile specijalne privatne bolnice (8610), a ostale specijalisticke lijecnicke prakse (8622). Ucinkovitost menadzera u uvjetima nesigurnosti i povecanog rizika odrazava se u dostupnosti informacija i njihovom iskustvu u slicnim situacijama. Upravo nedostatak informacija koji je bio prisutan u vrijeme pandemije COVID-19 upucuje na ucinkovito stratesko razmisljanje menadzera (vlasnika) analiziranih institucija koji su pravovremeno reagirali na potrebe trzista u tim uvjetima. Postupajuci na taj nacin djelovali su kao nadomjestak za specijalisticku zdravstvenu skrb koja nije mogla pruziti adekvatne usluge u potrebnoj mjeri. Kljucne rijeci: upravljacka ekonomika, privatna zdravstvena skrb, pandemija CO-VID-19, drustvo, struktura trzista.
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