Black women's sexual harassment is often overlooked and dismissed relative to White women's harassment. In three pre-registered experiments, we test whether this neglect extends to bystander ...intervention in sexual harassment. Participants observed an ostensibly live job interview between a man manager and a Black or White woman job candidate. The manager's questions were pre-programmed to grow increasingly harassing, and participants were asked to intervene if/when they found the interview inappropriate. A meta-analysis of the three studies (N = 1487), revealed that bystanders did not differ in their threshold for intervention when sexual harassment targeted the Black vs. White woman. Despite evidence for the relative neglect of Black women in responses to sexual harassment, these data suggest that bystanders may respond similarly for Black and White women.
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is one of the most important viral infections of the human central nervous system. Approximately 10,000 cases of TBE are referred to hospitals in Europe and Asia each ...year. The TBE virus (TBEV) is mainly transmitted by tick bites but also occasionally by unpasteurized goat's milk. As in endemic areas on average only 1-3 % of ticks are infected with the TBEV and the clinical manifestation rate is approximately 33 %, only approximately 1 in every 100-300 tick bites leads to disease. The incubation period varies from 5-28 days and typically has a biphasic course of fever. The TBE manifests as meningitis in approximately 50 % of patients, as meningoencephalitis in 40 % and as encephalomyelitis in 10 %. The suspected diagnosis is confirmed by the demonstration of TBEV-specific IgM and IgG antibodies in serum and the presence of elevated cell counts in cerebrospinal fluid. No specific treatment for TBE is known but it can be successfully prevented by active immunization.
We report the detection of two isomers of ethynyl cyclopentadiene (
c
-C
5
H
5
CCH), namely 1- and 2-ethynyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene, in the direction of TMC-1. We derive column densities of (1.4 ± 0.2) ...× 10
12
cm
−2
and (2.0 ± 0.4) × 10
12
cm
−2
, respectively, for these two cyclopentadiene derivatives, which imply that they are about ten times less abundant than cyclopentadiene. We also report the tentative detection of ethynyl benzene (C
6
H
5
CCH), for which we estimate a column density of (2.5 ± 0.4) × 10
12
cm
−2
. We derived abundances for the corresponding cyano derivatives of cyclopentadiene and benzene and found values significantly lower than previously reported. The rotational temperature of the ethynyl and cyano derivatives of these cycles is about 9 K, that is, very close to the gas kinetic temperature of the cloud. The abundance ratio of the 1- and 2-isomers of ethynyl cyclopentadiene is 1.4 ± 0.5, while for the two isomers of cyano cyclopentadiene it is 2.4 ± 0.6. The relative abundances of CCH over CN derivatives is 7.7 ± 2.2 for cyclopentadiene, which probably reflects the abundance ratio of the radicals CCH and CN; this ratio is only 2.1 ± 0.5 for benzene, which suggests that additional reactions besides cyano radicals with benzene are involved in the formation of benzonitrile. The formation of these cycles is reasonably well accounted for through a chemical scheme based on neutral-neutral reactions. It is predicted that benzene should be as abundant as cyclopentadiene in TMC-1.
We report the detection of fulvenallene (
c
-C
5
H
4
CCH
2
) in the direction of TMC-1 with the QUIJOTE
1
line survey. Thirty rotational transitions with
K
a
= 0,1,2,3 and
J
= 9−15 were detected. ...The best rotational temperature fitting of the data is 9 K and a derived column density is (2.7 ± 0.3) × 10
12
cm
−2
, which is only a factor of 4.4 below that of its potential precursor cyclopentadiene (
c
-C
5
H
6
), and 1.4–1.9 times higher than that of the ethynyl derivatives of cyclopentadiene. We searched for fulvene (
c
-C
5
H
4
CH
2
), a CH
2
derivative of cyclopentadiene, for which we derive a 3
σ
upper limit to its column density of (3.5 ± 0.5) × 10
12
cm
−2
. Upper limits were also obtained for toluene (C
6
H
5
CH
3
) and styrene (C
6
H
5
C
2
H
3
), the methyl and vinyl derivatives of benzene. Fulvenallene and ethynyl cyclopentadiene are likely formed in the reaction between cyclopentadiene (
c
-C
5
H
6
) and the ehtynyl radical (CCH). However, the bottom-up gas-phase synthesis of cycles in TMC-1 underestimates the abundance of cyclopentadiene by two orders of magnitude, which strengthens the need to study all possible chemical pathways to cyclisation in cold dark cloud environments, such as TMC-1. However, the inclusion of the reaction between C
3
H
3
+
and C
2
H
4
produces a good agreement between model and observed abundances.
Targeted noninvasive control of the nervous system and end-organs may enable safer and more effective treatment of multiple diseases compared to invasive devices or systemic medications. One target ...is the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway that consists of the vagus nerve to spleen circuit, which has been stimulated with implantable devices to improve autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Here we report that daily noninvasive ultrasound (US) stimulation targeting the spleen significantly reduces disease severity in a mouse model of inflammatory arthritis. Improvements are observed only with specific parameters, in which US can provide both protective and therapeutic effects. Single cell RNA sequencing of splenocytes and experiments in genetically-immunodeficient mice reveal the importance of both T and B cell populations in the anti-inflammatory pathway. These findings demonstrate the potential for US stimulation of the spleen to treat inflammatory diseases.
We investigate collective emission from coherently driven ultracold (88)Sr atoms. We perform two sets of experiments using a strong and weak transition that are insensitive and sensitive, ...respectively, to atomic motion at 1 μK. We observe highly directional forward emission with a peak intensity that is enhanced, for the strong transition, by >10(3) compared with that in the transverse direction. This is accompanied by substantial broadening of spectral lines. For the weak transition, the forward enhancement is substantially reduced due to motion. Meanwhile, a density-dependent frequency shift of the weak transition (∼10% of the natural linewidth) is observed. In contrast, this shift is suppressed to <1% of the natural linewidth for the strong transition. Along the transverse direction, we observe strong polarization dependences of the fluorescence intensity and line broadening for both transitions. The measurements are reproduced with a theoretical model treating the atoms as coherent, interacting radiating dipoles.
This research tests the hypothesis that the presence (vs. absence) of organizational diversity structures causes high-status group members (Whites, men) to perceive organizations with diversity ...structures as procedurally fairer environments for underrepresented groups (racial minorities, women), even when it is clear that underrepresented groups have been unfairly disadvantaged within these organizations. Furthermore, this illusory sense of fairness derived from the mere presence of diversity structures causes high-status group members to legitimize the status quo by becoming less sensitive to discrimination targeted at underrepresented groups and reacting more harshly toward underrepresented group members who claim discrimination. Six experiments support these hypotheses in designs using 4 types of diversity structures (diversity policies, diversity training, diversity awards, idiosyncratically generated diversity structures from participants' own organizations) among 2 high-status groups in tests involving several types of discrimination (discriminatory promotion practices, adverse impact in hiring, wage discrimination). Implications of these experiments for organizational diversity and employment discrimination law are discussed.
Objective To demonstrate the efficacy of a minimally invasive, nonoperative, catheter-based approach to the treatment of traumatic chyle leak. Methods A retrospective review of 109 patients was ...conducted to assess the efficacy of thoracic duct embolization or interruption for the treatment of high-output chyle leak caused by injury to the thoracic duct. Results A total of 106 patients presented with chylothorax, 1 patient presented with chylopericardium, and 2 patients presented with cervical lymphocele. Twenty patients (18%) had previous failed thoracic duct ligation. In 108 of 109 patients, a lymphangiogram was successful. Catheterization of the thoracic duct was achieved in 73 patients (67%). In 71 of these 73 patients, embolization of the thoracic duct was performed. Endovascular coils or liquid embolic agent was used to occlude the thoracic duct. In 18 of 33 cases of unsuccessful catheterization, thoracic duct needle interruption was attempted below the diaphragm. Resolution of the chyle leak was observed in 64 of 71 patients (90%) post-embolization. Needle interruption of the thoracic duct was successful in 13 of 18 patients (72%). In 17 of the 20 patients who had previous attempts at thoracic duct ligation, embolization or interruption was attempted and successful in 15 (88%). The overall success rate for the entire series was 71% (77/109). There were 3 (3%) minor complications. Conclusion Catheter embolization or needle interruption of the thoracic duct is safe, feasible, and successful in eliminating a high-output chyle leak in the majority (71%) of patients. This minimally invasive, although technically challenging, procedure should be the initial approach for the treatment of a traumatic chylothorax.
Ecological and societal disruptions by modern climate change are critically determined by the time frame over which climates shift beyond historical analogues. Here we present a new index of the year ...when the projected mean climate of a given location moves to a state continuously outside the bounds of historical variability under alternative greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. Using 1860 to 2005 as the historical period, this index has a global mean of 2069 (±18 years s.d.) for near-surface air temperature under an emissions stabilization scenario and 2047 (±14 years s.d.) under a 'business-as-usual' scenario. Unprecedented climates will occur earliest in the tropics and among low-income countries, highlighting the vulnerability of global biodiversity and the limited governmental capacity to respond to the impacts of climate change. Our findings shed light on the urgency of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions if climates potentially harmful to biodiversity and society are to be prevented.
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