Ultra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic neutrinos interacting with the Moon’s regolith generate particle showers that emit Askaryan radiation. This radiation can be observed from the Earth using ground-based ...radio telescopes like LOFAR. We simulate the effective detection aperture for UHE neutrinos hitting the Moon. Under the same assumptions, results from this work are in good agreement with previous analytic parameterizations and Monte Carlo codes. The dependence of the effective detection aperture on the observing parameters, such as observing frequency and minimum detection threshold, and lunar characteristics like surface topography have been studied. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, we find that the detectable neutrino energy threshold is lowered when we include a realistic treatment of the inelasticity, transmission coefficient, and surface roughness. Lunar surface roughness at large scales enhances the total aperture for higher observation frequencies (
ν
≥
1
GHz
) but has no significant effect on the LOFAR aperture. However, roughness at scales small compared to the wavelength reduces the aperture at all frequencies.
We present a measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum above 100 PeV using the part of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory that has a spacing of 750 m. An inflection of the spectrum is ...observed, confirming the presence of the so-called
second-knee
feature. The spectrum is then combined with that of the 1500 m array to produce a single measurement of the flux, linking this spectral feature with the three additional breaks at the highest energies. The combined spectrum, with an energy scale set calorimetrically via fluorescence telescopes and using a single detector type, results in the most statistically and systematically precise measurement of spectral breaks yet obtained. These measurements are critical for furthering our understanding of the highest energy cosmic rays.
In 2017, LHC incorporated in operation an anti-leveling procedure of adapting the crossing angle of the colliding beams in steps to increase the integrated luminosity. In this paper, we present the ...Dynamic Aperture simulations that were employed to identify the operational margins, and therefore define the leveling steps. The results are complemented by observations from nominal operation, as well as projections for the 2018 run. Additional leveling techniques, investigated in dedicated machine studies are also discussed.
We performed extended simulations of HL-LHC dynamic aperture in the presence of beam-beam effects in the weak-strong approximation, evaluating the contributions of parameters such as: bunch ...intensity, crossing angle, chromaticity, current in the Landau octupoles and multipole errors. From the beam dynamics point of view, the main difference between the LHC (until 2017) and the HL-LHC is the deployment of the achromatic telescopic squeezing (ATS) optics, allowing not only for a smaller β* reach, but also modifying the phase advances between the lattice correctors (sextupoles, octupoles) and the main IPs, and increasing the peak β functions in the arcs. These correctors become therefore more efficient for the chromatic correction, but also a mitigation of the beam-beam long range interactions using the Landau octupoles is enabled, resulting in a possible reduction of the normalised crossing angle. The limits have been investigated in a tracking simulation campaign aimed at exploring the operational space for the HL-LHC and two possible options for luminosity levelling.
Operating at 6.5 TeV, the LHC surpassed the expectations and delivered an average of 66 fb-1 integrated luminosity to the two high luminosity experiments ATLAS and CMS by the end of 2018. In order to ...provide a continuous feedback to the machine coordination for further optimizing the performance, an automated tool for monitoring the main beam parameters and machine configurations, has been devised and extensively used. New features like the coupling between the two planes and effects of noise, were added to the numerical model used since 2016 to calculate the machine luminosity. Estimates, based both on simulations and on observed beam parameters, were reported fill-by-fill as well as in overall trends during the year. Highlights of the observations including the observed additional emittance blow up (on top of IBS, SR and elastic scattering) as well as additional losses (on top of the expected proton burn off) are presented for the 2018 data. Finally, cumulated integrated luminosity projections from the model for the entire 2018 data based on different degradation mechanisms are compared also with respect to the achieved luminosity.
Recent Dynamic Aperture (DA) simulations aimed at providing guidance for the latest updates of the operational scenario for the High Luminosity upgrade of the LHC. The impact of the increased ...chromaticity and octupole current has been assessed considering the latest updates of the optics. Additional means to improve the lifetime, such as tune optimization, have been identified and deployed. We also briefly discuss the impact of delivering high luminosity to the LHCb experiment.
In 2017, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) restarted operation at 6.5 TeV, after an extended end-of-the-year stop, scheduled to deliver 45 fb−1 to the two general-purpose experiments. Continuous ...monitoring of the key beam parameters and machine configurations that impact the delivered luminosity was introduced, providing fast feedback to operations for further optimization. The numerical model based on simulations and use of selected machine parameters to estimate the machine luminosity was further developed. The luminosity evolution and comparisons to the model predictions is presented in this paper. The impact of the dynamic variation of the crossing angle, which was incorporated into nominal LHC operation, is also discussed.
In high intensity and high energy colliders, such as the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and its future high-luminosity upgrade, interactions between the two beams around the different interaction ...points impose machine performance limitations. In fact, their effect reduces the beam lifetime, and therefore, the collider’s luminosity reach. Those interactions are called beam-beam long-range (BBLR) interactions, and a possible mitigation of their effect using dc wires was proposed for the first time in the early 2000’s. This solution is currently being studied as an option for enhancing the HL-LHC performance. In 2017 and 2018, four demonstrators of wire compensators have been installed in the LHC. A 2-yearlong experimental campaign followed in order to validate the possibility to mitigate the BBLR interactions in the LHC. During this campaign, a proof-of-concept was completed and motivated an additional set of experiments, successfully demonstrating the mitigation of BBLR interactions effects in beam conditions compatible with the operational configuration. This paper reports in detail the preparation of the experimental campaign, including the corresponding tracking simulations and the obtained results, and draws some perspectives for the future. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
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