The Mediterranean diet and olive oil as its quintessential part are almost synonymous with a healthy way of eating and living nowadays. This kind of diet has been highly appreciated and is widely ...recognized for being associated with many favorable effects, such as reduced incidence of different chronic diseases and prolonged longevity. Although olive oil polyphenols present a minor fraction in the composition of olive oil, they seem to be of great importance when it comes to the health benefits, and interest in their biological and potential therapeutic effects is huge. There is a growing body of in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as intervention-based clinical trials, revealing new aspects of already known and many new, previously unknown activities and health effects of these compounds. This review summarizes recent findings regarding biological activities, metabolism and bioavailability of the major olive oil phenolic compounds-hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein, oleocanthal and oleacein-the most important being their antiatherogenic, cardioprotective, anticancer, neuroprotective and endocrine effects. The evidence presented in the review concludes that these phenolic compounds have great pharmacological potential, however, further studies are still required.
Cancer presents one of the leading causes of death in the world. Current treatment includes the administration of one or more anticancer drugs, commonly known as chemotherapy. The biggest issue ...concerning the chemotherapeutics is their toxicity on normal cells and persisting side effects. One approach to the issue is chemoprevention and the other one is the discovery of more effective drugs or drug combinations, including combinations with polyphenols. Olive oil polyphenols (OOPs), especially hydroxytyrosol (HTyr), tyrosol (Tyr) and their derivatives oleuropein (Ole), oleacein and oleocanthal (Oc) express anticancer activity on different cancer models. Recent studies report that phenolic extract of virgin olive oil may be more effective than the individual phenolic compounds. Also, there is a growing body of evidence about the combined treatment of OOPs with various anticancer drugs, such as cisplatin, tamoxifen, doxorubicin and others. These novel approaches may present an advanced strategy in the prevention and treatment of cancer.
This review article describes studies published over the past five years on the combination of polyphenols, which are the most studied in the field of anticancer effects (curcumin, quercetin, ...resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, and apigenin) and chemotherapeutics such as cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, etc. According to WHO data, research has been limited to five cancers with the highest morbidity rate (lung, colorectal, liver, gastric, and breast cancer). A systematic review of articles published in the past five years (from January 2018 to January 2023) was carried out with the help of all Web of Science databases and the available base of clinical studies. Based on the preclinical studies presented in this review, polyphenols can enhance drug efficacy and reduce chemoresistance through different molecular mechanisms. Considering the large number of studies, curcumin could be a molecule in future chemotherapy cocktails. One of the main problems in clinical research is related to the limited bioavailability of most polyphenols. The design of a new co-delivery system for drugs and polyphenols is essential for future clinical research. Some polyphenols work in synergy with chemotherapeutic drugs, but some polyphenols can act antagonistically, so caution is always required.
Recent experimental studies of kinetic isotope effects (KIE-s) and hydrogen tunnelling comprising three proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) oxidations of ascorbate monoanion, (a) in aqueous ...reaction solutions, (b) in the mixed water-organic cosolvent systems, (c) in aqueous solutions of various salts and (d) in fairly diluted aqueous solutions of the various partial hydrophobes are reviewed. A number of new insights into the wealth of the kinetic isotope phenomena in the PCET reactions have been obtained. The modulation of KIE-s and hydrogen tunnelling observed when partially hydrophobic solutes are added into water reaction solution, in the case of fairly diluted solutions is revealed as the strong linear correlation of the isotopic ratios of the Arrhenius prefactors
h/
d and the isotopic differences in activation energies Δ
(D,H). The observation has been proposed to be a signature of the involvement of the collective intermolecular excitonic vibrational dynamics of water in activation processes and aqueous chemistry.
Olive leaves as a main byproduct of olive oil and fruit industry are a valuable source of phytochemicals such as polyphenols, with multiple biomedical effects. Apart from leaves, olive branches and ...stems make up a significant amount of olive waste. It is well known that the drying process and long-term storage affect the stability and concentration of polyphenols present in raw materials. For that matter, two different means of storing olive waste, at room temperature and +4 °C, were compared by determining the content of the polyphenol oleuropein (OLE) in olive leaf, branch, and stem extracts (LE, BE, and SE) by HPLC-DAD method. Total phenols (TPC),
-diphenols (
-DPC), and total flavonoids (TFC) content in extracts were assessed by UV-Vis measurements. LE prepared from leaves stored at +4 °C had the highest OLE content, 30.7 mg g
of dry extract (DE). SE from stems stored at +4 °C was the richest in TPC and TFC (193 mg GAE/g DE and 82.9 mg CE/g DE, respectively), due to the higher purity of the extract. The biological activity of extracts was determined on cervical cancer (HeLa), melanoma (A375), metastatic melanoma (A375M) tumor cell lines, and on spontaneously immortalized cell line of keratinocytes (HaCaT), using the MTT assay. The data show that all extracts had a similar dose-dependent effect on cell viability in HeLa cells, while the effect of LE on melanoma A375 and A375M, and HaCaT cells was cell-line dependent.
Our study of tunnelling in proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) oxidation of ascorbate with hexacyanoferrate(III) follows the insights obtained from ultrafast 2D IR spectroscopy and theoretical ...studies of the vibrational water dynamics that led to the proposal of the involvement of collective intermolecular excitonic vibrational water dynamics in aqueous chemistry. To test the proposal, the hydrogen tunnelling modulation observed in the PCET reaction studied in the presence of low concentrations of various partial hydrophobic solutes in the water reaction system has been analyzed in terms of the proposed involvement of the collective intermolecular vibrational water dynamics in activation process in the case. The strongly linear correlation between common tunnelling signatures, isotopic values of Arrhenius prefactor ratios ln
/
and isotopic differences in activation enthalpies ΔΔ
(H,D) observed in the process in fairly diluted water solutions containing various partial hydrophobic solutes (such as dioxane, acetonitrile, ethanol, and quaternary ammonium ions) points to the common physical origin of the phenomenon in all the cases. It is suggested that the phenomenon can be rooted in an interplay of delocalized collective intermolecular vibrational dynamics of water correlated with vibrations of the coupled transition configuration, where the donor-acceptor oscillations, the motions being to some degree along the reaction coordinate, lead to modulation of hydrogen tunnelling in the reaction.
The roles of phenolics from olive oils as effective anticancer agents have been documented in various in vitro studies of different cancer cells lines, but the relationship between the phenolic ...profile of olive oil and its biological activity needs more elucidation. In this study, we analysed phenolic profiles of extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) from different autochthonous cultivars from Croatia (Oblica, Bjelica, Buža, Žižolera) and investigated the biological effect of EVOO phenolic extracts (EVOO-PEs) on human cervical (HeLa) and human colon (SW48) cancer cell lines alone and in combination with cisplatin (cDDP), carboplatin (CBP), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and irinotecan. The quantitative evaluation of olive oil polyphenols was performed by HPLC-DAD and spectrophotometric analysis. The biological effect of EVOO-PEs alone and in combination with anticancer drugs was measured by MTT assay. Analysed EVOO-PEs differ in phenolic profile and inhibited HeLa and SW48 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Further, it is shown that EVOO-PEs (Oblica-Sea, Buža and Žižolera), in combination with anticancer drugs, increase the metabolic activity of HeLa and SW48 cells and have a protective role. These data imply careful consummation of olive oil during chemotherapy of cancer patients.
Virgin olive oil (VOO) is a functional food specific to the Mediterranean diet and related to human health, especially as a protector of cardiovascular health, in the prevention of several types of ...cancers, and in modification of immune and inflammatory response. Phenolic compounds have central importance for these extraordinary health benefits. In the production of high-quality olive oils, it is very important to process freshly picked olives and avoid any storage of fruits. However, in Croatia there is a very traditional and environmentally friendly method of olive oil production, where olive fruits are stored in seawater for some time prior to processing. This practice is also notable nowadays since there are people who prefer the characteristic flavor of the “seawater olive oil”, although some people argue against its quality and biomedical relevance. In this study, the phenolic contents of VOO prepared from the immediately processed fresh olives and olives processed after storage in seawater were compared with the use of high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and spectrophotometric analysis. The results suggest that “seawater olive oil” should be considered as a safe food of biomedical relevance, as it still contains a significant proportion of important phenolics like hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and oleacein (e.g., 63.2% of total phenols in comparison to VOO).
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•The ascorbate average local ionization energy and Fukui function were calculated.•The electron donor and proton donor reactive sites of ascorbate are different.•The ascorbate ...electron donor reactive site is near the C atom bellow lactone ring.•Side chain conformations have no contributions to the reactive site position.•Conformations and H-bonding could modulate antioxidant reactivity.
The DFT study of electron donor reactive sites of l-ascorbate, the main reactive form of vitamin C for antioxidant reactions in water medium and in physiological conditions, is presented. The local reactivity descriptors, average local ionization energy Ī(r) and electron donor Fukui function f−(r), for ascorbate conformers were calculated using B3LYP/6-311++G** level of theory in the gas-phase. The obtained results show that Ī(r) and f−(r) identify nearly the same reactive site toward electrophiles on ascorbate molecule. The most preferred reactive site for donating electron in reaction with radical or oxidizing molecule is associated mostly with the less electronegative C(3) atom below the γ-lactone ring plane of ascorbate. The Ī(r) and f−(r) obtained for ascorbate conformers suggest that the side chain conformations or intramolecular H-bonding have no significant contributions to the reactive site position in ascorbate molecule. However, the values of the minimum point of average local ionization energy on electron density isosurface ĪS,min calculated for ascorbate conformers suggest that the side chain conformations and intramolecular H-bonding could play a role in modulation of antioxidant reactivity of ascorbate. The results presented in this paper show that the electron donor reactive site is different from the proton donor reactive site for ascorbate. The leaving H(9) proton of hydroxyl group on ascorbate γ-lactone ring in antioxidant reaction with radical or oxidizing molecule is not associated with large f−(r) values or HOMO orbital suggesting that, at least in the early stage of reaction, the proton and electron could be transferred from ascorbate through different orbital set, what is of importance in studies of antioxidant reaction mechanisms for ascorbate.
Istražen je ucinak djelomicno hidrofobnih molekula (organskog otapala i kvarterne amonijeve soli) na protonom spregnuti prijelaz elektrona (PCET) u reakciji askorbata s heksacijanoferat(III) ionom u ...vodenoj sredini, te je opažen prijelaz iz aktivacijskog režima u režim tuneliranja, dodatkom organskih otapala i kvarternih iona. Eksperimentalna opažanja koja ukljucuju povecane vrijednosti kinetičkog izotopnog učinka (KIE) u odnosu na reakciju u vodi, izotopne omjere AH/AD Arrheniusovih predeksponencijalnih faktora znacajno manje od semiklasično predviđenih, kao i izotopne razlike aktivacijskih energija procesa veće od semiklasičnih, objašnjena su u okviru markusianskog modela tuneliranja koji uzima u obzir dinamičke aspekte sustava i okoliša. Prijelaz protona dinamički je povezan s femtosekundnom dinamikom OH skupine vode. Dodatak djelomično hidrofobnih molekula u vodenu sredinu dovodi do promjena dinamike OH vode zbog interakcije s hidrofobnim dijelom molekule i ta promjena intermolekularnim rezonantnim vibracijskim mehanizmom uključuje molekulu vode u prijelaznoj konfiguraciji i promotivne vibracije povezane s reakcijskom koordinatom protonsko-elektronskog prijelaza u procesu.
The influences of molecular hydrophobic interfaces, involving organic solvents and quarternary ammonium ions, on the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction of ascorbate monoanion with hexacyanoferrate(III) ion in water has been investigated. The kinetic isotope effect (KIE) in the reaction and the isotopic differences in Arrhenius activation energies increased and the isotopic ratios of the corresponding pre-factors AH/AD decreased significantly, suggesting a change from the apparent over-the-barrier process in neat water to a tunnelling regime on involving hydrophobic interfaces in the water solvent system. The observed phenomena are ascribed, invoking a Marcus-like tunnelling model that includes dynamical aspects of system and surroundings, to hydrogen tunnelling in reaction dynamically connected with femtosecond motions of water OH, where presence of hydrophobic interfaces causes changes in water dynamics coupled with reaction coordinate of the PCET process through intermolecular vibrational coupling mechanism of water.
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