The subject of the study is the provisions of criminal, criminal procedural and criminal exe cutive legislation, as well as acts of interpretation and judicial practice related to the legal ...regulation of exemption from criminal liability or punishment of those who have committed a crime. The purpose of the study is to compare the provisions of the criminal law regulating the grounds for exemption from criminal liability and punishment with the norms of criminal procedure law regul ating the procedure for making final decisions on the termination of a criminal case (prosecution). Using the general scientific dialectical method, as well as the methods of formal legal analysis and synthesis, the author identified and demonstrated contradictions between the norms of substantive and procedural law in terms of substantiating the grounds for terminating a criminal case (prosec ution) and the grounds for exemption from criminal liability (punishment). Conclusions. Ignoring the provisions of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which contains an exhaustive list of grounds and conditions for exemption from criminal liability and punishment, results in uncertain legal consequences for those who have committed crimes, both as to criminal law coercive measures and determining the general legal consequences for a person committing a crime. Thus, in some cases, courts are forced to make decisions on exemption from punishment due to the expiry of the statute of limitations, despite the fact that Art. 78 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation requires that such persons be exempted from criminal liability. On the other hand, Art. 398 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation contains a special provision for deferring the execution of a sentence, which is not found in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation either as a basis for exemption from liability or from punishment. It is proposed to eliminate the exis ting contradictions in the branches of law by unifying the norms of criminal procedural legisl ation and bringing them into conformity with the norms of substantive criminal law that regulate the e xemption from criminal liability and punishment.
ABSTRACT
We present the results of polarimetric and photometric observations of four near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) 162082 (1998 HL1), 163373 (2002 PZ39), 52768 (1982 OR2), and 159402 (1999 AP10). The ...observations were carried out at the 2.6-m and 1.25-m telescopes of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, the 2.0-m telescope of the Peak Terskol Observatory, and the 6-m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory during the period of 2019–2020. The phase angles covered in the observations were 3°–27°, 69°–109°, 70°–76°, and 32°–72° for NEAs 162082, 163373, 52768, and 159402, respectively. We estimated the main polarimetric parameters of the phase curves for each asteroid. The geometrical albedo for NEAs 162082, 163373, and 159402 were found to be 0.348 ± 0.050, 0.192 ± 0.050, and 0.124 ± 0.020, respectively. The diameters for asteroids 162082, 163373, 52768, and 159402 were determined as 0.37 ± 0.05, 0.50 ± 0.05, 2.61 ± 0.20, and 2.27 ± 0.20 km, respectively. The polarization data for NEA 52768 and 159402 are similar. Their orbital elements a, e, q, and periods for these asteroids also showed close similarities, indicating a potential common parent body in the past. We found deviation of the polarization of NEAs 163373, 52768, and 159402 from the synthetic phase dependences of the polarization of the main taxonomic С, S, and E classes. To explain this, the modified Sh-matrix method was used. The computer simulation has shown that different values of the maximum of positive polarization of asteroids can be explained by different content of highly absorbing carbon matter.
The EAS Cherenkov light array Tunka-133, with ~ 3 km2 geometric area, is taking data since 2009.The array permits a detailed study of energy spectrum and mass composition of cosmic rays in the ...energy range from 6 · 1015 to 1018 eV. We describe the methods of time and amplitude calibration of the array and the methods of EAS parameters reconstruction. We present the all-particle energy spectrum, based on 7 seasons of operation.
The paper reviews the possibility of obtaining all-season diesel fuel that can be effectively used in both Arctic and subtropical climates. The resulting fuel has a cetane number at the required ...level for summer diesel fuels of Euro 5 standard, a flash point of at least 62°C, and a pour point of less than –55°C without the use of a depressant-dispersant. The conducted research showed that none of the narrow fractions isolated from oil typical of refineries in the central part of the Russian Federation had the required properties, even taking into account the addition of ignition promoters. The improvement of the low-temperature properties due to cracking of n-alkanes during catalytic dewaxing leads to a significant decrease in the cetane number. Therefore, this paper considers the application of a diesel-fuel isodewaxing process on a platinum catalyst. This process makes it possible to improve significantly the low-temperature properties of the dewaxed product with a moderate decrease in its cetane number. The optimal conditions for the isodewaxing process were determined. The optimal feed for the unit was selected.
The authors address the problem connected with the determination of efficient rotary percussive drilling techniques with DTH hammers and present estimation criteria for their value ranges such that ...to ensure drilling at minimum energy content and wear of bits. The calculation formulas for drilling techniques are given, and the expediency of maximum destruction at minimum impacts per one complete turn of drill bit is proved. The upper limit of drill bit turn angle between impacts at the maximum drilling capacity and minimum energy content of fracture and wear of tungsten carbide inserts is found. The rotary percussive drilling technique with different DTH hammer models can be optimized suing the energy criterion of volumetric rock destruction and the energy content of fracture.
Aiming at significant enhancement of laser cleaning efficiency and productivity, we studied several typical experimental cases including removal of contaminated layers from absorbing surfaces, paying ...special attention to elimination of the thick rusty layers, and removal of absorbing coatings from transparent substrates. Nanosecond pulses of Nd:YAG laser were used in all the cases at variation of the mode content of the laser beam which was achieved by applying a multimode fiber delivery of radiation. Both, air and water ambient were used in the experiments. The results are discussed in terms of plasma microexplosions in the domain of the substrate–layer interface and the vapor bubbles formation inside the thick rusty layer impregnated with liquid.
We have synthesized and studied three new chiral substances as additives to a nematic liquid crystal. The difference in the optical activity and chemical structure of additive molecules results in ...the appearance of the chiral nematic phase and the change in both the compatibility of the mixture components and temperature range of the liquid crystal phase. The role of additives with fundamentally different structures and optical activities is shown. The increase in the TNI that is observed in mixtures with 4-(2S)-(+)-2-Methylbutoxybenzoic acid indicate the possibility of the increase in order caused by the formation of molecularly rigid and elongated dimers of the additive, which was confirmed using infrared spectra. The doping of the nematic liquid crystal with (2R)-(+)-2-4-2-Chloro-4-(4-hexylphenyl)phenylphenoxypropanoic acid causes the lowering of TNI. The binol derivative S-(+)-6-1-2-(5-Carboxypentoxy)naphthalen-1-ylnaphthalen-2-yl oxyhexanoic acid has the highest chirality among the additives used. One can explain the effects observed in terms of the role of size, shape, and compatibility with the nematic matrix as shown by the molecules that are used as additives.
The BNK 115/15 deeply oxidized roofing bitumen developed and produced by Slavneft-YANOS PJSC has no equivalents in Russia. This product is characterized by a high softening point (110–119 °C) while ...maintaining good plasticity. The needle penetration depth interval at 25 °C amounts to 10–25 penetration units (PU = 0.1 mm). This bitumen product satisfies an existing raw material demand from manufacturers of advanced roofing materials. Various characteristics of its production are described.
The article presents a comprehensive analysis and comparison of existing technologies for producing jet fuels: hydrotreating, hydrodemercaptanization, and oxidative demercaptanization. For the ...majority of considered indicators, hydrodemercaptanization demonstrates clear advantages: its simplicity, reliability, and efficiency permit rapid increases in jet fuel production.
UBVR
polarimetric observations of 12 main-belt mostly primitive asteroids located near perihelion heliocentric distances were carried out from December 2022 to April 2023 with Zeiss-2000 telescope at ...the Terskol Peak observatory. The purpose of the monitoring program was to search for changes in the polarimetric parameters of the asteroids caused by possible sublimation-dust activity, as a result of which the formation of rarefied dust exospheres of asteroids is possible. The objects of the program were asteroids: (1) Ceres, (53) Kalypso, (117) Lomia, (164) Eva, (214) Ashera, (324) Bamberga, (419) Aurelia, (505) Cava, (554) Peraga, (654) Zelinda, (704) Interamnia, (1021) Flammario. Polarimetric observations of asteroids (117) Lomia, (164) Eva and (505) Kava were made for the first time, the remaining asteroids were observed earlier. Only for two asteroids (1) Ceres and (704) Interamnia, according to spectrophotometric observations, temporal spectrophotometric variability was noted earlier. Analysis of temporal changes in the degree of polarization of asteroids and comparison of the results of observations with the data available in the literature showed that the stability of the observed degree of polarization is comparable with measurement errors of
% for asteroids of different brightness. Thus, during the observation period, no noticeable polarization signs of temporary sublimation-dust activity of the observed asteroids were detected. Additionally, it is shown that the currently existing variants of the spectral taxonomy of asteroids, based on spectrophotometric data and albedo, demonstrate a significant scattering of the selected classes when compared with their polarimetric phase dependencies. The asteroid (554) Peraga has been confirmed to have a negative degree of polarization at angles less than the inversion angle. Measurements of the polarization of the asteroid (1) Ceres in a wide range of wavelengths did not confirm the previously suspected change in the angle of the polarization plane with the wavelength.
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