The oxidation processes of Cu{111} with thermal and hyperthermal O
2 were studied using high-resolution X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) in conjunction with a synchrotron radiation (SR) source. ...We measured O-uptake curves for thermal O
2 exposure and hyperthermal O
2 molecular beam (HOMB) irradiation on a Cu{111} surface at ∼300 K. Under an O coverage (
Θ) ≤0.4 ML, oxidation with HOMB irradiation caused reconstruction of the Cu{111} surface to a distorted Cu{100}
(
2
×
2
)R45
°-
O
overlayer. The oxidation accompanied by reconstruction is more effective with HOMB irradiation than thermal O
2 exposure. Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) observations and XPS measurements suggest that HOMB irradiation is useful for fabricating O-induced reconstructed surfaces, which are precursors to Cu
2O. Further oxidation under
Θ≥0.4 ML proceeds slowly when irradiating with 2.3-eV HOMB, while a prominent increase in
Θ
̇
over 0.4 ML was not observed when irradiating with 0.6-eV HOMB. The incident O
2 energy can control the oxidation processes of Cu{111}.
An investigation of the process involved in the production of and dyeing with indigo based on a CO
/O
sensor device and a cellphone-camera is reported. The former involves transforming indican to ...indigo, and the latter the process by which indigo and indigo-white are produced. During the process of indigo production, a clear and positive correlation can be observed between the concentration of gas levels (either the production of CO
or the consumption of O
) and the final yield. The authors found that for the first time that the change in the concentration levels of CO
/O
can be used as important parameters for indigo dyeing. The optimal time required to produce indigo can be decided by the change of CO
/O
concentration level. It is no long should depending on the experience of a craftsperson. Furthermore, the optimal time needed to produce indigo also can be decided by the concentration levels of glucose. The color analysis of indigo dyeing can be performed by using a camera and by calculating the RGB and HSV (hue, saturation, value) values.
We present here a physico‐mathematical picture for explaining the unexpectedly large decoherence cross‐section (almost 10 times larger than its gas‐kinematic cross‐section) recently observed by Ureña ...and coworkers in their scattering experiment involving a coherent NO beam with Ar gas. The present topological picture consists of a stereographic projection and the cusp catastrophe theory of Thom, and we find that this model enables us to clarify the origin of the collisional decoherence. From the view of the stereographic projection, we can naturally introduce the wave property originating from the singular point at the “North pole” on the circumference S1
coordinate corresponding to a critical point for the collisional decoherence (condition 1). This picture also predicts the sudden changes of wave‐phase collapse due to network interaction in the many‐body system (condition 2). Thus it is hoped that the model proposed by Ureña et al. based on the dipole‐induced dipole interaction in the NO + Ar system could be modified through this picture by including interactions with many Ar atoms in the environment. One way to fill the gap between the single‐pair interaction picture and the multiple interaction one would be to employ theoretical calculations by use of the density matrix theory with and without adding the second Ar atom to the NO–Ar system. The cusp catastrophe theory reinforces the necessity of some cooperative network interaction between the coherent NO molecule and many neighboring Ar atoms and provides a qualitative scenario in which the whole system leads to a sudden change of the collisional decoherence of NO as a function of the control parameters (a, b). At this stage, the present physico‐mathematical picture cannot give any specific values of the decoherence distance by the theory itself, but it clearly provides us a new topological concept for clarifying the origin of collisional decoherence which is strongly connected with the complexity of the system. Thus it gives us a global guide map toward further clarification of the collisional decoherence phenomenon with the aid of more sophisticated quantum mechanical calculations in the future.
A physico‐mathematical picture is presented for explaining the unexpectedly large decoherence cross‐section observed in the scattering experiment of a coherent NO beam with Ar. This topological picture consists of a stereographic projection and the cusp catastrophe theory of Thom, and enables us to clarify the origin of the collisional decoherence and predicts sudden changes of wave‐phase collapse due to network interaction.
The orientation dependence of Br-atom formation in the reaction of the oriented OH radical with the HBr molecule using the hexapole electrostatic field was studied. Experimental results for the ...orientation dependence in the reaction were analyzed using a Legendre polynomial fit. The results show two reactive sites. It was found that O-end attack is most favored for this reaction, and that H-end attack also shows a pronounced reactivity. The reactivity of the side-ways attack was found to be small. By comparing the results of the orientation dependence in the reaction with studies of inelastic collisions and theoretical calculations, two reaction pathways are proposed. Reaction by O-end attack is followed by a direct abstraction of the H-atom from the HBr molecule. The mechanism for H-end attack may have H-atom migration from HBr to form the water molecule.
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