Summary
In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), energy‐efficient, reliable routing is the core objective for the data transmission process. Anomaly nodes in the communication environment can affect ...reliable routing and network efficiency. Therefore, the present research created a novel Arithmetic Optimization‐based Rumor Routing Protocol with SKINNY Crypto mechanism (AORRP‐SCrypt) for secure Routing in WSN. Primarily, the required nodes are deployed in the related WSN environment. The arithmetic function traced the nodes' higher energy consumption and malicious action to avoid security vulnerabilities during data transmission. The sensed data packets are transmitted based on the Rumor routing function of the proposed system. Furthermore, to avoid data access by unauthorized users, it is encrypted using the SKINNY Crypto mechanism. Finally, the network efficiency and security performance are validated in the NS3 platform. The model gained 98.1% network throughput, 95.6% PDR, a lower energy consumption of between 0.001 and 0.01 J, and a 99% confidentiality rate. The developed system provided increased network security and efficiency.
The Holy Qur'ān includes near-synonyms which have seemingly similar meanings but convey different meanings upon deeper analysis of the semantic constituents of these words. Such near-synonyms usually ...pose a challenge that often presents itself to the translators of the Holy Qur'ān. This study investigates the meanings of near-synonyms and their translation issues in the Qur'ān. It aims to identify the contextual meanings of Qur'ānic near-synonyms based on different exegeses of the Qur'ān. Then, it explains the nuances that exist between the pairs of Qur'ānic near-synonyms and how such nuances are reflected in two English translations of the Qur'ān. The study adopts the Relation by Contrast Approach to Synonyms (RC-S) as a theoretical framework for data analysis. It also employs the qualitative approach for collecting and analyzing the data of the study. Besides, it makes use of different exegeses of the Qur'ān to identify the differences in meaning between each pair of the Qur'ānic near-synonyms. The analysis of the data reveals that there exist some nuances between the pairs of Qur'ānic near-synonyms in terms of denotative and expressive meaning. The findings also show that the differences in meaning between the pairs of near-synonyms are not reflected in the English translations. Therefore, the study recommends that readers as well as translators should look for nuances between Qur'ānic near-synonyms whenever they find two words with similar meanings in order to perceive the Qur'ānic text appropriately and translators should make an effort to reflect the nuances between the pairs of near-synonyms in their translation.
Estimation of fault classification and location in a multi-terminal high voltage direct current (MT–HVdc) transmission system is a challenging problem and is considered to be a fundamental maneuver ...of dc grid protection. This research paper critically reviews traveling and non-travelling wave methods of classification and location of dc faults in multi-terminal HVdc transmission systems. Detailed mathematical analysis of MT–HVdc systems composed of high grounding resistance, cable and overhead line segments, and bipolar coupled transmission network under healthy and faulty conditions, are evaluated. The gravity of this research paper addresses benefits and shortcomings of traveling and non-traveling wave methods and futuristic techniques of fault classification and location.
Introduction Diabetes is a chronic disease that causes dysregulation of blood glucose. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) could result in long-term inflammatory conditions that affect different organs ...of the body. Despite the availability of diagnostic markers like glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) for T2DM, it is essential to find an appropriate marker that could predict long-term complications. This study evaluates the potential role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in predicting disease progression and treatment responses. Methods This case-control study was carried out among 160 T2DM patients and 132 non-diabetic persons. Blood samples were collected from each participant and were processed for hemoglobin, HbA1c, iron, ferritin, and complete blood picture (NLR). Results The study showed that there was a significant variation in the serum levels of ferritin (264.8±611.6 ng/ml versus 168.3±364.7 ng/ml, p=0.392), iron (4.095±8.851 mcg/dl versus 55.20±37.62 mcg/dl, p=0.0111), and HbA1c (8.169±1.635% versus 5.668±0.5260% p<0.0001) among T2DM patients compared to non-diabetic persons. The NLR values (4.189±4.154 versus 4.095±8.851, p=0.009) among patients with T2DM significantly varied with that of non-diabetic persons. A significant negative correlation was noticed between the serum levels of iron and NLR (r=-0.17, p=0.014) and a positive correlation was noticed between HbA1c and NLR (r=0.19, p=0.014). The serum levels of iron revealed a significant positive correlation with the serum levels of ferritin (r=0.24, p=0.002) and hemoglobin percentage (r=0.41, p=0.008). HbA1c revealed a significant positive correlation with NLR (r=0.19, p=0.014). Additionally, a significant negative correlation was observed between iron with NLR (r=-0.17, p=0.029) and hemoglobin percentage with NLR (r=-0.30, p=0.005). However, no such correlation was demonstrated among non-diabetic persons. With an accuracy of 89.85% and high sensitivity and specificity, NLR showed diagnostic accuracy like HbA1c. Conclusions NLR demonstrated equivalent efficacy to HbA1c in predicting glycemic control. Since diabetes affects different organs of the body, evaluating NLR probably predicts inflammation. Therefore, NLR could be useful in the management of T2DM and in predicting long-term complications.
For mobile clients, sufficient resources with the assurance of efficient performance and energy efficiency are the core concerns. This article mainly considers this need and proposes a resourceful ...architecture, called mRARSA that addresses the critical need in a mobile cloud environment. This architecture consists of cloud resources, mobile devices, and a set of functional components. The performance efficiency evaluates implementing the proposed context-aware multi-criteria decision offloading algorithm. This algorithm considers both device context (network parameters) and application content (task size) at run time when offloading an executable code to allocate the cloud resources. The appropriate resources select based on offloading decisions and via the wireless communication channels. The architecture’s remarkable component is the signal strength analyzer that determines the signal quality (e.g.-60 dBm) and contributes to performance efficiency. The proposed prototype model has implemented several times to monitor the performance efficiency, mobility, performance at communication barriers, and the outcomes of resource-demanding application’s execution. Results indicate performance improvement, such as the algorithm appropriately decides the cloud resources based on device network context, application content, mobility, and the signal strength quality and range. Moreover, the results also show significant improvement in achieving performance and energy efficiency. Sufficient resources and performance efficiency are the most significant features that distinguish this framework from the other existing frameworks.
E-Learning has proven to be the only resort as a replacement of traditional face-to-face learning methods in the current global lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic. Academic institutions across the ...globe have invested heavily into E-Learning and the majority of the courses offered in traditional classroom mode have been converted into E-Learning mode. The success of E-Learning initiatives needs to be ensured to make it a sustainable mode of learning. The objective of the current study is to propose a holistic E-Learning service framework to ensure effective delivery and use of E-Learning Services that contributes to sustainable learning and academic performance. Based on an extensive literature review, a proposed theoretical model has been developed and tested empirically. The model identifies a broad range of success determinants and relates them to different success measures, including learning and academic performance. The proposed model was validated with the response from 397 respondents involved with an E-Learning system in the top five public universities in the southern region of Saudi Arabia through the Partial Least Squares regression technique using SmartPLS software. Five main factors (Learner’s Quality, Instructor’s Quality, Information’s Quality, System’s Quality and Institutional Quality) were identified as a determinant of E-Learning service performance which together explains 48.7% of the variance of perceived usefulness of ELS, 71.2% of the variance of use of the E-Learning system. Perceived usefulness of ELS and use of ELS together explain 70.6% of learning and academic performance of students. Hence the framework will help achieve the sustainable and successful adoption of E-Learning services.
Many applications have been developed in wireless sensor networks (WSN). The rapidly growing WSN causes different issues in the applications. One of the most important issues affecting the channel ...performance is the security issues. Therefore, to overcome this security issues in WSN, an intelligent crypto mechanism is required. Hence, a novel recurrent-based Public Crypto System (RbPCS) is proposed in this paper. Here, the recurrent function in the public cryptosystem identifies the malicious users and neglects them. Moreover, the proposed technique helps hide the data from third parties. Also, it reduces energy consumption by ignoring the high-power consumption nodes. The proposed technique is implemented in a network simulator (NS2) environment. Furthermore, the robustness of the proposed technique is determined by launching security attacks in the WSN communication channel. Moreover, the performances of the designed model are estimated in terms of communication delay, energy consumption, packet drop, packet delivery, and throughput ratio. Finally, the outcomes of the developed model are compared with other existing techniques. The comparative analysis clearly shows that the proposed model achieved a high throughput ratio, less energy consumption, and communication delay
In this study, the effect of some plant extracts on the production of the Pyocyanin dye from the bacteria of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was known. This study included the use of two types of plants, ...ginger and ginkgo. These two plants were extracted in a waterway by the Sxolite apparatus. The raw extract of these plants was used, and several concentrations were made of it 20%, 40% and 80%, after which the Pyocyanin concentration was measured. After adding these extracts, the results showed that there were significant differences in the decrease in the production of the Piocyanin dye compared to the control by the bacteria. The decrease in the production varied according to the concentration, and the 80% concentration gave better results. The decrease in dye production compared to the rest of the treatments and compared to control.
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