Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as a group of compounds, either metal ions or clusters, harmonized with organic ligands to form one or some dimensional structures. In addition to ...resilient bonds between inorganic and organic units, reticular synthesis creates MOFs, accurate selection of constituents of which can produce high thermal and chemical stability and crystals of ultrahigh porosity. Other solids have not shown the same accuracy normally used in chemical modification and even the capability of increasing their metrics with no modification of the underlying topology. With shape of building units and chemical compositions multiplying based on specific structures, MOFs might result in compounds that propose a synergistic mixture of features. This study presents up to date advances in both synthesis methods of MOFs and structural characteristics. Furthermore, the use of MOFs in different fields such as the removal of absorption and separation of toxic substances from gas and liquid, catalysts, a variety of sensors, storage of clean energies and environmental applications, medical and biological applications, and optoelectronic equipment is included.
•Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been currently recognized as a considerable group of porous compounds.•MOFs can be used in various areas and has some outrival in chemical recognition and separation.•The synthesis along with the potential uses of MOFs were provided in this article.
In this study, a simple and green strategy was reported to prepare bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) by the combination of zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper oxide (CuO) using Sambucus nigra L. extract. The ...physicochemical properties of these NPs such as crystal structure, size, and morphology were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results suggested that these NPs contained polygonal ZnO NPs with hexagonal phase and spherical CuO NPs with monoclinic phase. The anticancer activity of the prepared bimetallic NPs was evaluated against lung and human melanoma cell lines based on MTT assay. As a result, the bimetallic ZnO/CuO NPs exhibited high toxicity on melanoma cancer cells while their toxicity on lung cancer cells was low.
The physical and chemical properties of Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) have attracted the attention of many and in this regard, this study was performed to produce NiO-NPs by the means of
...Salvia hispanica
L. (chia) seeds extract as the capping agent. Physical and morphological features of the obtained NiO-NPs were examined through the application of TGA, FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD, FESEM/EDAX/PSA, and VSM procedures. According to the FESEM/PSA images, the biosynthesized NiO-NPs contained a spherical shape and a size of about 30 nm, while the results of the EDAX study approved the existence of oxygen and nickel elements in the structure of this product. Furthermore, certain corresponding peaks to the crystal structure of NiO-NPs were observed throughout the XRD pattern. Next to the superparamagnetic behavior that was detected in the results of VSM analysis, the cytotoxicity effect of NiO-NPs was not reported to be dependent on concentration. Considering the high photocatalytic capacity along with the low cytotoxic effects of NiO-NPs, we can suggest the applicability of this product for various applications such as disease control and removal of residual toxins.
Greener methods for the synthesis of various nanostructures with well-organized characteristics and biomedical applicability have demonstrated several advantages, including simplicity, low toxicity, ...cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. Spinel nickel ferrite (NiFe
O
) nanowhiskers with rod-like structures were synthesized using a simple and green method; these nanostructures were evaluated by X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray energy diffraction spectroscopy. Additionally, the prepared nanowhiskers could significantly reduce the survival of Leishmania major promastigotes, at a concentration of 500 μg/mL; the survival of promastigotes was reduced to ≃ 26%. According to the results obtained from MTT test (in vitro), it can be proposed that further studies should be conducted to evaluate anti-leishmaniasis activity of these types of nanowhiskers in animal models.
Magnetic nanoparticles are special nanoparticles used in the biomedical applications such as magnetic separation, drug delivery and magnetic resonance imaging enhancement. They are non-toxic and have ...high chemical stability. In the present study, α-Fe
2
O
3
nanoparticles (Hematite) were biosynthesized using the
Salvadora persica
aqueous extract. The structures and morphological properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by PXRD, FESEM, EDX, VSM, Raman and FTIR analysis. The results showed that, the produced nanoparticles are spherical in shape and uniform with particles size about 15–20 nm. The purity of the synthesized nanoparticles was found to be high, such that they were specified well in EDX graph. The saturated magnetism (M
s
) of the synthesized α-Fe
2
O
3
nanoparticles was equal to 1.8 emu/g, which is higher than the commercial α-Fe
2
O
3
-NPs. This result showed superparamagnetic properties of the synthesized nanoparticles. Cytotoxic activity of these nanoparticles was applied against colon (HT-29) cancer cell lines. Results showed no cytotoxic activity at concentrations lower than 125 μg/mL. Therefore, it can be concluded that, the synthesized nanoparticles can be used in the biomedical applications.
In this study, NiO nanosheets have been manufactured using a co-precipitation approach that involved the usage of nickel nitrate (Ni (NO
3
)
2
.6H
2
O) as the raw material and tragacanth in the role ...of a stabilizing agent. NiO nanosheets have been fabricated through the reduction of nickel nitrate solution that had been obtained by the application of aqueous extract of tragacanth, which is capable of functioning as a reducing and stabilizing agent. In the following, the physical and chemical properties of tragacanth-stabilized NiO nanosheets have been identified via FESEM, EDS, XRD, UV–Vis, and FT-IR techniques. According to the XRD pattern, these particular nanosheets have contained a cubic structure and group space Fm3m, along with the average size of about 18 to 43 nm that had been in agreement with the FESEM measurements. In addition, we have evaluated the photocatalytic activity of tragacanth-stabilized NiO nanosheets on the degradations of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) dyes. The performed photocatalytic assessment has displayed that the nanosheets can degrade 82% of MO within 210 min and 60% of MB in 300 min. The cytotoxicity of tragacanth-stabilized NiO nanosheets on human Glioblastoma cancer (U87MG) cell lines has been investigated via the MTT assay, while it has been detected in the obtained results that the inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) had been 125 µg/mL.
Nanomaterials, as an active ingredient, have been widely deployed in various science and technological applications with zinc and titanium oxides nanoparticles being commonly applied in sunscreens. ...On similar lines, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO
2
-NPs) were synthesized using
Musa sapientum
peel extract, to investigate its cytotoxic effects, UV protection and photocatalytic activity. The synthesized nanoparticles were identified through Raman, Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX). FESEM results showed that the size of synthesized nanoparticles is in the range 4–13 nm. Their cytotoxic activity revealed a non-toxic behavior in concentrations below 500 μg/mL on lung (A549) cell lines. The Sun protection factor (SPF) was estimated approximately ~ 40 for synthesized CeO
2
-NPs. The survey of photocatalytic activity showed that synthesized nanoparticles can remove 81.7% of AO7 in 180 min under visible light.
Cytotoxic small‐molecule drugs have a major influence on the fate of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs). An ideal cytotoxic agent should be highly potent, remain stable while linked to ADCs, kill the ...targeted tumor cell upon internalization and release from the ADCs, and maintain its activity in multidrug‐resistant tumor cells. Lessons learned from successful and failed experiences in ADC development resulted in remarkable progress in the discovery and development of novel highly potent small molecules. A better understanding of such small‐molecule drugs is important for development of effective ADCs. The present review discusses requirements making a payload appropriate for antitumor ADCs and focuses on the main characteristics of commonly‐used cytotoxic payloads that showed acceptable results in clinical trials. In addition, the present study represents emerging trends and recent advances of payloads used in ADCs currently under clinical trials.
The present review discusses the requirements making a payload compound suitable for an antitumor antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) and summarizes the structural and mechanistic features of cytotoxic payloads, especially those yielded promising results in clinical studies.
Ceramic nanostructures with their unique morphologies have attractive properties and various biomedical and medical applications. The production of nanoparticles (NPs) with a special morphology has ...been strongly influenced by lab-scale synthesis conditions and the type of reducing agents. Generally, the production of NPs with unique shapes and sizes can be adjusted by changing and optimizing the reaction mixture conditions and parameters. The formation of ceramic nanostructures during synthesis process contained the nucleation, seeding, and growth steps. By altering the kinetics and thermodynamics of synthesis process (at each stage), the shape of the produced nanostructures can be controlled. In this study, nickel ferrite ceramic nanoribbons were produced through a green and environmentally-friendly method based on the bioethical principles of preventing environmental damage, without using any other chemical composition, and only by applying plant extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents. The prepared ceramic nanoribbons were evaluated by XRD, SEM, FTIR, VSM, and HR-TEM. The results confirmed that the calcination could significantly affect the size and shape of the resulting ceramic nanostructures. The calcination could lead to the deformation of thin and hair-like ceramic nanoribbons into spherical NPs (∼20 nm). Additionally, the antiparasitic properties of these nanoribbons were evaluated using MTT method, and the antifungal effects were analyzed against Aspergillus ustus. The obtained results illustrated that these nanostructures had significant toxicity against Leishmania tropica and A. ustus.
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In this research, we have offered a green and new synthesizing procedure for selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) through the utilization of Na
2
SeO
3
, in which starch has a role of stabilizer and ...capping agent, as the functionality of green reducing mediums is taken by glucose and ascorbic acid. According to the observations, this method has been capable of producing Se-NPs in lab conditions. Additionally, the synthesized Se-NPs can be separated from the aqueous solution of stabilizer and reducing agents by a high—speed. Certain analyzing procedures have been used to characterize the obtained particles including TEM, XRD, UV–VIS, DLS, FESEM, EDX, FTIR, and AFM. In this paper, we have investigated the antimicrobial and photocatalytic functionality of Se-NPs on Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Methylene blue (MB) and according to the results, these particles have shown satisfying activity in both cases. To be stated in exact, about 60% of MB has degraded under UV light after 150 min, which indicates the acceptable position of Se-NPs could be applied for eliminating water pollutions. Moreover, the attained data on colorectal cancer SW480 cell lines in regards to the in vitro cytotoxicity assessments have exhibited non-toxic effects, which had lasted throughout concentrations that had measured up to even 100 µg/mL within MTT assay.
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