Despite a long history of the use of Pinus thunbergii for technical, medicinal, agricultural, and other purposes, the composition of low-volatile metabolites in the used parts of the plant has been ...poorly investigated. We report here on the distribution of lipophilic extractive compounds in different parts of the shoot system (needles, defoliated twigs, outer bark) of P. thunbergii studied by GC/MS. The highest and lowest contents of lipophilic substances were found in defoliated twigs and in outer bark correspondingly. Acid compounds in the extract of needles comprised mainly labdane type diterpenoids (trans-communic acid), while in the extracts of defoliated twigs and outer bark the acids were represented predominantly by abietane type compounds (neoabietic, dehydroabietic, abietic, levopimaric and palustric acids). The major neutral components of the extract of needles were 10-nonacosanol, labdanoids (18-hydroxy-13-epi-manoyl oxide, trans-communol), and β-sitosterol. In the case of the extract of defoliated twigs, labdanoids (18-hydroxy-13-epi-manoyl oxide, trans-communol, 13-epi-torulosol), serratane triterpenoids (3β-methoxyserrat-14-en-21-one), and β-sitosterol were the main neutral constituents, whereas serratanoids (3β-methoxyserrat-14-en-21-one) alone dominated among the neutral compounds of the outer bark extract. Most of the neutral components and the labdane type acids were detected for the first time in organs and tissues of P. thunbergii. The distribution of lipophilic metabolites in the studied parts of P. thunbergii shoot system may be applied for chemotaxonomy purposes. Diversified accumulation of extractive substances in different organs of the plant should be taken into account for isolation of specific components from the pine raw material.
In this thesis, I examine the portrayal of Soviet women-soldiers in Boris Vasil′ev’s novella And the Dawns Here are Quiet… (1969). I consider the historical significance of female involvement in ...World War II and compare Vasil′ev’s fictional work to the recollections of real women-soldiers collected by Svetlana Alexievich in The Unwomanly Face of War (1985). I argue that, despite Vasil′ev’s personal military background and his belonging to the “lieutenant prose” school known for its historically accurate descriptions of the front, And the Dawns Here are Quiet… often provide a romanticized version of female war experiences. As Vasil′ev’s work is largely missing from Western scholarly literature, I address this academic lacuna and provide a better understanding of Vasil′ev’s significance in Soviet Russian war literature.
The article on the basis of the method of structural shifts analyzed the dynamics and structural transformations of employment and production of gross value added (GVA) in the Kemerovo region - ...Kuzbass. The authors attempted a quantitative analysis of the contribution of structural factors to economic dynamics, as well as an assessment of trends in diversification of region production. The basis for the calculations was compiled by state statistics for 2007-2018. It was shown that during this period regional employment dynamics were determined mainly by regional factors, whose contribution to the growth of this indicator turned out to be negative. In turn, the dynamics of GVA production was due to a complex of national trends and regional factors, whose influence was multi-directional (the positive effect of macroeconomic conditions and the negative contribution of the regional component). The contribution of structural shifts to the growth of the GVA was negative and insignificant, and the reduction in the number of employees in Kuzbass took place with an almost unchanged structure. To date, in the Kemerovo region, using a diversification mechanism, it has not been possible to create an economy structure resistant to internal and external shocks: coal mining remains the fundamental basis of the region's economy. All this gives reason to state that the structure of the economy that was formed in Soviet times, and the features "inherited" by it since then, continue to determine the dynamics of the development of Kuzbass and serve as a strategic challenge for the region.
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