Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of transcripts that are longer than 200 nucleotides (nt) without coding potential. Over the past decade, tens of thousands of novel lncRNAs have ...been annotated in animal and plant genomes because of advanced high-throughput RNA sequencing technologies and with the aid of coding transcript classifiers. Further, a considerable number of reports have revealed the existence of stable, functional small peptides (also known as micropeptides), translated from lncRNAs. In this review, we discuss the methods of lncRNA classification, the investigations regarding their coding potential and the functional significance of the peptides they encode.
Current‐induced control of magnetization in ferromagnets using spin–orbit torque (SOT) has drawn attention as a new mechanism for fast and energy efficient magnetic memory devices. Energy‐efficient ...spintronic devices require a spin‐current source with a large SOT efficiency (ξ) and electrical conductivity (σ), and an efficient spin injection across a transparent interface. Herein, single crystals of the van der Waals (vdW) topological semimetal WTe2 and vdW ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2 are used to satisfy the requirements in their all‐vdW‐heterostructure with an atomically sharp interface. The results exhibit values of ξ ≈ 4.6 and σ ≈ 2.25 × 105 Ω‐1 m‐1 for WTe2. Moreover, the significantly reduced switching current density of 3.90 × 106 A cm−2 at 150 K is obtained, which is an order of magnitude smaller than those of conventional heavy‐metal/ferromagnet thin films. These findings highlight that engineering vdW‐type topological materials and magnets offers a promising route to energy‐efficient magnetization control in SOT‐based spintronics.
All‐van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure with an atomically sharp interface based on topological semimetal shows spin–orbit torque (SOT)‐driven magnetization switching. These findings highlight that engineering vdW‐type topological materials and magnets offers a promising route to energy‐efficient magnetization control in SOT‐based spintronics.
Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with high risk of cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. We assessed the effect of obesity and metabolic health status on left ventricular (LV) ...structure and function in subjects without overt heart disease.
In 789 subjects (58.8±13.0 years, 50.7% males) without overt heart disease, LV morphology and function were compared among 6 groups stratified by body mass index (BMI) (normal weight, overweight and obese) and metabolic health status (meeting ≤1 criterion of MetS excluding waist circumference defined as metabolically healthy; otherwise, metabolically unhealthy).
LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was not different among the 6 groups (P>0.05). However, high BMI and poor metabolic health were associated with poorer global longitudinal strain (GLS), higher LV mass index (LVMI) and higher E/e' (P<0.001). Poor metabolic health status was associated with greater adverse changes in LV structure and function than obesity, and among MetS components, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) showed the greatest impact. Higher SBP, BMI and triglycerides were independently associated with worse GLS, and higher SBP was also associated with worse LVMI and E/e´. GLS, LVMI and E/e´ worsened in proportion to the number of MetS criteria or continuous MetS scores. Adverse myocardial changes associated with obesity were significant in the metabolically healthy group, but not in the metabolically unhealthy group.
Obesity and poor metabolic health status were associated with subclinical decrement in LV systolic and diastolic function, and higher LV mass, but not with LVEF, in subjects without overt heart disease.
Orbital torque in magnetic bilayers Lee, Dongjoon; Go, Dongwook; Park, Hyeon-Jong ...
Nature communications,
11/2021, Letnik:
12, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The orbital Hall effect describes the generation of the orbital current flowing in a perpendicular direction to an external electric field, analogous to the spin Hall effect. As the orbital current ...carries the angular momentum as the spin current does, injection of the orbital current into a ferromagnet can result in torque on the magnetization, which provides a way to detect the orbital Hall effect. With this motivation, we examine the current-induced spin-orbit torques in various ferromagnet/heavy metal bilayers by theory and experiment. Analysis of the magnetic torque reveals the presence of the contribution from the orbital Hall effect in the heavy metal, which competes with the contribution from the spin Hall effect. In particular, we find that the net torque in Ni/Ta bilayers is opposite in sign to the spin Hall theory prediction but instead consistent with the orbital Hall theory, which unambiguously confirms the orbital torque generated by the orbital Hall effect. Our finding opens a possibility of utilizing the orbital current for spintronic device applications, and it will invigorate researches on spin-orbit-coupled phenomena based on orbital engineering.
A polar conductor, where inversion symmetry is broken, may exhibit directional propagation of itinerant electrons, i.e., the rightward and leftward currents differ from each other, when time-reversal ...symmetry is also broken. This potential rectification effect was shown to be very weak due to the fact that the kinetic energy is much higher than the energies associated with symmetry breaking, producing weak perturbations. Here we demonstrate the appearance of giant nonreciprocal charge transport in the conductive oxide interface, LaAlO
/SrTiO
, where the electrons are confined to two-dimensions with low Fermi energy. In addition, the Rashba spin-orbit interaction correlated with the sub-band hierarchy of this system enables a strongly tunable nonreciprocal response by applying a gate voltage. The observed behavior of directional response in LaAlO
/SrTiO
is associated with comparable energy scales among kinetic energy, spin-orbit interaction, and magnetic field, which inspires a promising route to enhance nonreciprocal response and its functionalities in spin orbitronics.
To validate the diagnostic performance of commercially available, deep learning-based automatic white matter hyperintensity (WMH) segmentation algorithm for classifying the grades of the Fazekas ...scale and differentiating subcortical vascular dementia. This retrospective, observational, single-institution study investigated the diagnostic performance of a deep learning-based automatic WMH volume segmentation to classify the grades of the Fazekas scale and differentiate subcortical vascular dementia. The VUNO Med-DeepBrain was used for the WMH segmentation system. The system for segmentation of WMH was designed with convolutional neural networks, in which the input image was comprised of a pre-processed axial FLAIR image, and the output was a segmented WMH mask and its volume. Patients presented with memory complaint between March 2017 and June 2018 were included and were split into training (March 2017-March 2018, n = 596) and internal validation test set (April 2018-June 2018, n = 204). Optimal cut-off values to categorize WMH volume as normal vs. mild/moderate/severe, normal/mild vs. moderate/severe, and normal/mild/moderate vs. severe were 3.4 mL, 9.6 mL, and 17.1 mL, respectively, and the AUC were 0.921, 0.956 and 0.960, respectively. When differentiating normal/mild vs. moderate/severe using WMH volume in the test set, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 96.4%, 89.9%, and 91.7%, respectively. For distinguishing subcortical vascular dementia from others using WMH volume, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 83.3%, 84.3%, and 84.3%, respectively. Deep learning-based automatic WMH segmentation may be an accurate and promising method for classifying the grades of the Fazekas scale and differentiating subcortical vascular dementia.
Controlling magnetic states by a small current is essential for the next‐generation of energy‐efficient spintronic devices. However, it invariably requires considerable energy to change a magnetic ...ground state of intrinsically quantum nature governed by fundamental Hamiltonian, once stabilized below a phase‐transition temperature. Here, it is reported that, surprisingly, an in‐plane current can tune the magnetic state of the nanometer‐thin van der Waals ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2 from a hard magnetic state to a soft magnetic state. It is a direct demonstration of the current‐induced substantial reduction of the coercive field. This surprising finding is possible because the in‐plane current produces a highly unusual type of gigantic spin–orbit torque for Fe3GeTe2. In addition, a working model of a new nonvolatile magnetic memory based on the principle of the discovery in Fe3GeTe2, controlled by a tiny current, is further demonstrated. The findings open up a new window of exciting opportunities for magnetic van der Waals materials with potentially huge impact on the future development of spintronic and magnetic memory.
Substantial coercivity reduction by the current, larger at least by two orders of magnitude than those in previous reports, is found in the van der Waals ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2. It is theoretically shown to arise from an unusual type of gigantic spin–orbit torque, which itself is directly related to its special symmetries, large Berry curvature, and band topology. A working model of a new robust nonvolatile magnetic memory based on Fe3GeTe2, controlled by a much smaller current, is also produced.
Metformin is the first-line antidiabetic drug that is widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Even though the various therapeutic potential of metformin treatment has been ...reported, as well as the improvement of insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, the mechanisms underlying those benefits are still not fully understood. In order to explain the beneficial effects on metformin treatment, various metabolomics analyses have been applied to investigate the metabolic alterations in response to metformin treatment, and significant systemic metabolome changes were observed in biofluid, tissues, and cells. In this review, we compare the latest metabolomic research including clinical trials, animal models, and in vitro studies comprehensively to understand the overall changes of metabolome on metformin treatment.
The use of porous three-dimensional (3D) bioceramic scaffolds to facilitate the regeneration of bone defects has attracted great attention because their structures closely mimic the natural ...extracellular matrix. 3D printing is a versatile method for the fabrication of 3D scaffolds. In this study, 3D strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite (Sr-HA) bioceramic scaffolds were prepared by simple precipitation and 3D printing method. The resulting scaffolds exhibited interconnected microporous structures of strands and a single-phase crystal due to HA, meaning that no changes in the phase composition and microstructure of the scaffolds with the Sr content were observed. However, their dissolution rate and biological performance were substantially influenced by changes in the Sr content of the scaffolds. The optimal Sr content in the Sr-HA scaffolds for enhanced proliferation and differentiation of cells were identified by comparing four compositions of the Sr-HA scaffolds. The results of in vitro bioactivity tests demonstrated that the Sr5-HA scaffold with 0.05 of Sr/(Ca + Sr) molar ratio promoted more rapid cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and cellular mineralization compared with the other scaffolds. Therefore, Sr-HA scaffolds have the potential for application in bone regeneration as new bone graft substitutes.
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