Gastric metastasis from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is extremely rare, occurring in 0.2% of all RCC cases. Owing to its low prevalence, metachronous gastric metastasis from RCC may be underdiagnosed, ...and the imaging findings have not been well-established. Herein we present a case of metastatic RCC manifesting as a gastric polyp in a 70-year-old female along with a literature review on the imaging findings of gastric metastases from RCC. In patients presenting with gastric hyper-enhancing polypoid masses, metastasis from RCC should be considered as a differential diagnosis. 신세포암(renal cell carcinoma; 이하 RCC)으로 인한 위전이는 매우 드물며, 모든 신세포암 사례의 0.2%에서 발생한다. 낮은 유병률로 인해 영상 소견은 아직 정확히 정립되지 않은 상태로 RCC로 인한 위전이는 영상 진단이 어려울 수 있다. 이에 저자들은 70세 여성에서 발생한 RCC의 위전이 사례와 영상 소견을 보고하고, 현재까지 보고된 문헌을 검토하여 영상 소견을 정리하였다. 위에 고조영 증강 용종이나 종괴가 새로 보이는 경우, 신세포암에 의한 전이암의 감별이 필요하다.
G-protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) represents a promising target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes as it can increase both GLP-1 secretion from intestinal L cells and glucose-stimulated ...insulin secretion (GSIS) from pancreatic β cells. Due to this dual mechanism of action, the development of small molecule GPR119 agonists has received much interest for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Here, we identified a novel small-molecule GPR119 agonist, YH18421 and evaluated its therapeutic potential. YH18421 specifically activated human GPR119 with high potency and potentiated GLP-1 secretion and GSIS in vitro cell based systems. In normal mice, single oral administration of YH18421 improved glucose tolerance. Combined treatment of YH18421 and the DPP-4 inhibitor augmented both plasma active GLP-1 levels and glycemic control. In diet induced obese (DIO) mice model, glucose lowering effect of YH18421 was maintained after 4 weeks of repeat dosing and YH18421 acted additively with DPP-IV inhibitor. We also observed that YH18421 inhibited weight gain during 4 weeks of administration in DIO mice. These data demonstrate that YH18421 is capable of delivering sustained glucose control and preventing weight gain and combination with the DPP-IV inhibitor maybe an effective strategy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Dehydrozingerone (DHZ) exerts beneficial effects on human health; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we found that DHZ suppressed high-fat diet-induced weight gain, lipid ...accumulation and hyperglycaemia in C57BL/6 mice and increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and stimulated glucose uptake in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. DHZ activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling in an AMPK-dependent manner. Inhibiting AMPK or p38 MAPK blocked DHZ-induced glucose uptake. DHZ increased GLUT4 (major transporter for glucose uptake) expression in skeletal muscle. Glucose clearance and insulin-induced glucose uptake increased in DHZ-fed animals, suggesting that DHZ increases systemic insulin sensitivity
in vivo
. Thus, the beneficial health effects of DHZ could possibly be explained by its ability to activate the AMPK pathway in skeletal muscle.
The melanosome is a specialized membrane-bound organelle that is involved in melanin synthesis, storage, and transportation. In contrast to melanosome biogenesis, the processes underlying melanosome ...degradation remain largely unknown. Autophagy is a process that promotes degradation of intracellular components’ cooperative process between autophagosomes and lysosomes, and its role for process of melanosome degradation remains unclear. Here, we assessed the regulation of autophagy and its contributions to depigmentation associated with Melasolv (3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate thymol ester). B16F1 cells-treated with Melasolv suppressed the α-MSH-stimulated increase of melanin content and resulted in the activation of autophagy. However, introduction of bafilomycin A1 strongly suppressed melanosome degradation in Melasolv-treated cells. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy by ATG5 resulted in significant suppression of Melasolv-mediated depigmentation in α-MSH-treated cells. Taken together, our results suggest that treatment with Melasolv inhibits skin pigmentation by promoting melanosome degradation via autophagy activation.
Abstract
Renal mass reduction, such as unilateral nephrectomy induces a compensatory hypertrophy of remaining renal mass in response to overload induced by reduction of functional renal parenchyma. ...In our recent study, we observed that the recovery of ischemic injured kidney following transient unilateral renal ischemia took longer time than that following transient bilateral renal ischemia, indicating that non-damaged kidney may affect the damaged kidney and vice versa. Here, we investigated whether transient and partial renal parenchymal injury by transient unilateral renal ischemia (UI) results in the hypertrophy of its contralateral kidney (CLK) and reactive oxygen species is associated with the hypertrophy. Thirty minutes of UI resulted in gradual increase in CLK weight over time. UI increased superoxide formation, but not lipid peroxidation in the CLK. After UI, a significant increase in the number of NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2)-expressing cells and the level of Nox2 expression in the CLK was observed. In parallel with the increases in Nox2-expressing cells in CLKs, infiltration of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) increased in CLK. Treatments with Mn(III) Tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin (MnTMPyP, a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic) and apocynin (a putative NADPH oxidase inhibitor) inhibited UI-induced hypertrophy of CLK along with reduction in Nox2-positive cell, BMDC, amount of Nox2 expression and superoxide formation. In conclusion, transient and partial renal mass reduction by UI resulted in the hypertrophy of CLK through increased ROS formation by infiltrated cells into the interstitium of CLK.
Obesity is the fifth leading risk for death globally, and a significant challenge to global health. It is a common, complex, non-malignant disease and develops due to interactions between the genes ...and the environment. DNA methylation can act as a downstream effector of environmental signals; analysis of this process therefore holds substantial promise for identifying mechanisms through which genetic and environmental factors jointly contribute to disease risk. To assess the effects of excessive weight and obesity on gene-specific methylation levels of promoter regions, we determined the methylation status of four genes involved in inflammation and oxidative stress interleukin 6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$ ($TNF{\alpha}$), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and glucose transport 4 (GLUT4) in blood cell-derived DNA from healthy women volunteers with a range of body mass indices (BMIs) by methylation-specific PCR. Interestingly, the samples from obese individuals ($BMI{\geq}30kg/m^2$) showed significantly increased hypermethylation for IL6 gene compared to normal weight ($BMI<23kg/m^2$) and overweight sample ($23kg/m^2{\leq}BMI<30kg/m^2$) (P = 0.034 and P = 0.026). However there was no statistically significant difference in promoter methylation of the other 3 genes between each group. These findings suggest that aberrant DNA methylation of IL6 gene promoter may play an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of obesity and IL6 methylation could be used as molecular biomarker for obesity risk assessment. Further studies are required to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying this relationship.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the longitudinal relationships between planned happenstance skills (PHS) and life adjustment and to examine whether this relationship was moderated by ...the degree of career barriers. The participants were 307 Korean college students going through a school-to-work transition. The results showed that PHS preceded and were positively associated with life adjustment. Additionally, the association between PHS and life adjustment differed by the levels of career barriers; individuals with greater PHS were more likely to adjust well in life even when they perceived high career barriers. The findings suggest empirical support for planned happenstance theory. Implications regarding career counseling interventions for college students in a school-to-work transition are discussed.
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