: To quantify the effects of midline-related landmark identification on midline deviation measurements in posteroanterior (PA) cephalograms using a cascaded convolutional neural network (CNN).
: A ...total of 2,903 PA cephalogram images obtained from 9 university hospitals were divided into training, internal validation, and test sets (n = 2,150, 376, and 377). As the gold standard, 2 orthodontic professors marked the bilateral landmarks, including the frontozygomatic suture point and latero-orbitale (LO), and the midline landmarks, including the crista galli, anterior nasal spine (ANS), upper dental midpoint (UDM), lower dental midpoint (LDM), and menton (Me). For the test, Examiner-1 and Examiner-2 (3-year and 1-year orthodontic residents) and the Cascaded-CNN models marked the landmarks. After point-to-point errors of landmark identification, the successful detection rate (SDR) and distance and direction of the midline landmark deviation from the midsagittal line (ANS-mid, UDM-mid, LDM-mid, and Me-mid) were measured, and statistical analysis was performed.
: The cascaded-CNN algorithm showed a clinically acceptable level of point-to-point error (1.26 mm vs. 1.57 mm in Examiner-1 and 1.75 mm in Examiner-2). The average SDR within the 2 mm range was 83.2%, with high accuracy at the LO (right, 96.9%; left, 97.1%), and UDM (96.9%). The absolute measurement errors were less than 1 mm for ANS-mid, UDM-mid, and LDM-mid compared with the gold standard.
: The cascaded-CNN model may be considered an effective tool for the auto-identification of midline landmarks and quantification of midline deviation in PA cephalograms of adult patients, regardless of variations in the image acquisition method.
Though Forkhead box P (FOXP) transcription factors comprising of FOXP1, FOXP2, FOXP3 and FOXP4 are involved in the embryonic development, immune disorders and cancer progression, the underlying ...function of FOXP3 targeting CD4 + CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and the dual roles of FOXP proteins as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor are unclear and controversial in cancers to date. Thus, the present review highlighted research history, dual roles of FOXP proteins as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene, their molecular networks with other proteins and noncoding RNAs, cellular immunotherapy targeting FOXP3, and clinical implications in cancer progression.
Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are smart materials that are widely used to create intelligent devices because of their high energy density, actuation strain, and biocompatibility characteristics. Given ...their unique properties, SMAs are found to have significant potential for implementation in many emerging applications in mobile robots, robotic hands, wearable devices, aerospace/automotive components, and biomedical devices. Here, the state–of–the–art of thermal and magnetic SMA actuators in terms of their constituent materials, form, and scaling effects are summarized, including their surface treatments and functionalities. The motion performance of various SMA architectures (wires, springs, smart soft composites, and knitted/woven actuators) is also analyzed. Based on the assessment, current challenges of SMAs that need to be addressed for their practical application are emphasized. Finally, how to advance SMAs by synergistically considering the effects of material, form, and scale is suggested.
Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators exhibit complex behaviors through simple structures at various scales. This review analyzes different SMA actuators based on material, form, and scale. With state‐of‐the‐art actuators and limitations of current technologies, this review offers insights into how to synergize these three aspects. It will serve soft and micro‐robotics researchers as a guideline for future developments.
Heteroatom doping has been proven as an efficient way to improve the fluorescent efficiency of carbon dots. Co-doping with heteroatoms may introduce more active sites to carbon dots, which would ...broaden applications of CDs in sensing. In this work, highly luminescent nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon dots (NSCDs) were synthesized through a facile one-step microwave assisted method by using citric acid and rubeanic acid as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur sources. The well-isolated NSCDs not only exhibit an enhanced fluorescent efficiency with a relatively high quantum yield up to 17.6%, but also show potential use as a multi-sensing platform based on their fluorescence “on-off-on” and color changing behaviors. The NSCDs can be directly used for the selective determination of mercury cations without any functionalization. The detection limit is approximately calculated as 0.18 μM and linear range is 0–20 μM. The sensing mechanism is proposed as coordination reaction induced by oligomers upon the carbon core. Furthermore, in the presence of cyanide anions, the fluorescence shows linear recovery associated with the concentration of cyanide, indicating its potential usage for the detection of cyanide ion. The optimized pH range for such fluorescence “on-off-on” sensing system is investigated as pH 6–8, suggesting potential applications in bio-sensing and imaging area. In addition, by adding hydrosulfide anion to NSCDs@Hg2+ complex, a notable color change could be clearly observed due to the formation of fuscous HgS. In application, a handy test paper for direct and rapid detection of Hg2+ is manufactured for the evaluation of usage of NSCDs in the real circumstance.
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•NSCDs were synthesized by using citric acid and rubeanic acid.•NSCDs exhibited an enhanced fluorescent efficiency with high QY up to 17.6%.•NSCDs presented good sensing performance to mercury ions.•NSCDs showed potential use as a multi-sensing platform.
In this paper, we propose hybrid backscatter communication for wireless-powered communication networks (WPCNs) to increase transmission range and provide uniform rate distribution in the ...heterogeneous network (HetNet) environment. In such HetNet, where the TV tower or high-power base station (macrocell) coexists with densely deployed small-power access points (e.g., small-cells or WiFi), users can operate in either bistatic scatter or ambient backscatter, or a hybrid of them, given that the harvested energy from the dedicated or ambient RF signals may not be sufficient enough to support the existing harvest-then-transmit protocol for WPCN, which is extended to the wireless-powered heterogeneous network (WPHetNet). Considering the hybrid and dual mode operation, we formulate a throughput maximization problem depending on the user location, namely Macro-zone or WiFi-zone. After performing the optimal time allocation for the above operation, we show that the proposed hybrid backscatter communication can increase the transmission range of WPHetNet, while achieving uniform rate distribution.
Cancer is a multistep process resulting in uncontrolled cell division. It results from aberrant signaling pathways that lead to uninhibited cell division and growth. Various recent epidemiological ...studies have indicated that consumption of cruciferous vegetables, such as garden cress, broccoli, etc., reduces the risk of cancer. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) have been identified as major active constituents of cruciferous vegetables. ITCs occur in plants as glucosinolate and can readily be derived by hydrolysis. Numerous mechanistic studies have demonstrated the anticancer effects of ITCs in various cancer types. ITCs suppress tumor growth by generating reactive oxygen species or by inducing cycle arrest leading to apoptosis. Based on the exciting outcomes of preclinical studies, few ITCs have advanced to the clinical phase. Available data from preclinical as well as available clinical studies suggest ITCs to be one of the promising anticancer agents available from natural sources. This is an up‐to‐date exhaustive review on the preventive and therapeutic effects of ITCs in cancer.
To build a deep learning model to diagnose glaucoma using fundus photography.
Cross sectional case study Subjects, Participants and Controls: A total of 1,542 photos (786 normal controls, 467 ...advanced glaucoma and 289 early glaucoma patients) were obtained by fundus photography.
The whole dataset of 1,542 images were split into 754 training, 324 validation and 464 test datasets. These datasets were used to construct simple logistic classification and convolutional neural network using Tensorflow. The same datasets were used to fine tune pre-trained GoogleNet Inception v3 model.
The simple logistic classification model showed a training accuracy of 82.9%, validation accuracy of 79.9% and test accuracy of 77.2%. Convolutional neural network achieved accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 92.2% and 0.98 on the training data, 88.6% and 0.95 on the validation data, and 87.9% and 0.94 on the test data. Transfer-learned GoogleNet Inception v3 model achieved accuracy and AUROC of 99.7% and 0.99 on training data, 87.7% and 0.95 on validation data, and 84.5% and 0.93 on test data.
Both advanced and early glaucoma could be correctly detected via machine learning, using only fundus photographs. Our new model that is trained using convolutional neural network is more efficient for the diagnosis of early glaucoma than previously published models.
Background
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is recommended for guiding the acquisition of pancreatic tissue in patients with suspected autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). Data comparing EUS‐guided fine needle ...aspiration (FNA) and fine needle biopsy (FNB) sampling in the diagnosis of AIP are limited.
Methods
A comprehensive literature search of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Ovid MEDLINE databases was conducted until April 2020. The pooled rates of diagnostic yield for the histologic criteria of AIP, histologic tissue procurement, and adverse events were compared between FNA and FNB. Diagnostic yields were also compared between 19 gauge (G) and 22G needles.
Results
This meta‐analysis included nine studies comprising 309 patients with AIP who underwent FNA and seven studies comprising 131 patients who underwent FNB. The pooled diagnostic yields for level 1 or 2 histology criteria of AIP were 55.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 37.0–73.9%, I2 = 91.1) for FNA and 87.2% (95% CI 68.8–98.1%, I2 = 69.4) for FNB (P = 0.030). The pooled histologic procurement rates for FNA and FNB were 91.3% (95% CI, 84.9–97.6%, I2 = 82.9) and 87.0% (95% CI, 77.8–96.1%, I2 = 40.0), respectively (P = 0.501). Adverse events were comparable between two groups. When analyzed by needle size, the diagnostic yield was better with a 19G needle than with a 22G needle (88.9% vs. 60.6%, P = 0.023).
Conclusions
The diagnostic yield may be better with FNB needles than with FNA needles for the diagnosis of AIP, despite the similar rate of histologic tissue procurement. A quantitative definition for the histologic sample adequacy for AIP may be warranted.
Accumulating evidence shows that atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with an increased risk of dementia. Catheter ablation for AF prolongs the duration of sinus rhythm, thereby improving the ...quality of life. We investigated the association of catheter ablation for AF with the occurrence of dementia.
Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, among 194 928 adults with AF treated with ablation or medical therapy (antiarrhythmic or rate control drugs) between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2015, we studied 9119 patients undergoing ablation and 17 978 patients managed with medical therapy. The time-at-risk was counted from the first medical therapy, and ablation was analysed as a time-varying exposure. Propensity score-matching was used to correct for differences between the groups. During a median follow-up of 52 months, compared with patients with medical therapy, ablated patients showed lower incidence and risk of overall dementia (8.1 and 5.6 per 1000 person-years, respectively; hazard ratio 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.58-0.93). The associations between ablation and dementia risk were consistently observed after additionally censoring for incident stroke (hazard ratio 0.76, 95% confidence interval 0.61-0.95) and more pronounced in cases of ablation success whereas no significant differences observed in cases of ablation failure. Ablation was associated with lower risks of dementia subtypes including Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.
In this nationwide cohort of AF patients treated with catheter ablation or medical therapy, ablation was associated with decreased dementia risk. This relationship was evident after censoring for stroke and adjusting for clinical confounders.
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