The JAXA Hayabusa-2 mission was approved in 2010 and launched on December 3, 2014. The spacecraft will arrive at the near-Earth asteroid 162173 Ryugu (1999 JU3) in 2018 where it will perform a ...survey, land and obtainsurface material, then depart in December 2019 and return to Earth in December 2020. We observed Ryugu with the Herschel Space Observatory in April 2012 at far-infrared thermal wavelengths, supported by several ground-based observations to obtain optical lightcurves. We reanalysed previously published Subaru-COMICS and AKARI-IRC observations and merged them with a Spitzer-IRS data set. In addition, we used a large set of Spitzer-IRAC observations obtained in the period January to May, 2013. The data set includes two complete rotational lightcurves and a series of ten “point-and-shoot” observations, all at 3.6 and 4.5 μm. The almost spherical shape of the target together with the insufficient lightcurve quality forced us to combine radiometric and lightcurve inversion techniques in different ways to find the object’s spin-axis orientation, its shape and to improve the quality of the key physical and thermal parameters. Handling thermal data in inversion techniques remains challenging: thermal inertia, roughness or local structures influence the temperature distribution on the surface. The constraints for size, spin or thermal properties therefore heavily depend on the wavelengths of the observations. We find that the solution which best matches our data sets leads to this C class asteroid having a retrograde rotation with a spin-axis orientation of (λ = 310°−340°; β = −40° ± ~ 15°) in ecliptic coordinates, an effective diameter (of an equal-volume sphere) of 850 to 880 m, a geometric albedo of 0.044 to 0.050 and a thermal inertia in the range 150 to 300 J m-2 s-0.5 K-1. Based on estimated thermal conductivities of the top-layer surface in the range 0.1 to 0.6 W K-1 m-1, we calculated that the grain sizes are approximately equal to between 1 and 10 mm. The finely constrained values for this asteroid serve as a “design reference model”, which is currently used for various planning, operational and modelling purposes by the Hayabusa-2 team.
Background
In older patients, sarcopenia is a prevalent disease associated with negative outcomes. Sarcopenia has been investigated in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation ...(TAVI), but the criteria for diagnosis of the disease are heterogeneous. This systematic review of the current literature aims to evaluate the prevalence of sarcopenia in patients undergoing TAVI and to analyse the impact of sarcopenia on clinical outcomes.
Methods
A comprehensive search of the literature has been performed in electronic databases from the date of initiation until March 2020. Using a pre-defined search strategy, we identified studies assessing skeletal muscle mass, muscle quality and muscle function as measures for sarcopenia in patients undergoing TAVI. We evaluated how sarcopenia affects the outcomes mortality at ≥1 year, prolonged length of hospital stay, and functional decline.
Results
We identified 18 observational studies, enrolling a total number of 9’513 patients. For assessment of skeletal muscle mass, all included studies used data from computed tomography. Cutoff points for definition of low muscle mass were heterogeneous, and prevalence of sarcopenia varied between 21.0% and 70.2%. In uni- or multivariate regression analysis of different studies, low muscle mass was found to be a significant predictor of mortality, prolonged length of hospital stay, and functional decline. No interventional study was identified measuring the effect of nutritional or physiotherapy interventions on sarcopenia in TAVI patients.
Conclusions
Sarcopenia is highly prevalent among patients undergoing TAVI, and negatively affects important outcomes. Early diagnosis of this condition might allow a timely start of nutritional and physiotherapy interventions to prevent negative outcomes in TAVI patients.
Context. The Kuiper belt is formed of planetesimals which failed to grow to planets and its dynamical structure has been affected by Neptune. The classical Kuiper belt contains objects both from a ...low-inclination, presumably primordial, distribution and from a high-inclination dynamically excited population. Aims. Based on a sample of classical trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) with observations at thermal wavelengths we determine radiometric sizes, geometric albedos and thermal beaming factors for each object as well as study sample properties of dynamically hot and cold classical Methods. Observations near the thermal peak of TNOs using infrared space telescopes are combined with optical magnitudes using the radiometric technique with near-Earth asteroid thermal model (NEATM). We have determined three-band flux densities from Herschel/PACS observations at 70.0, 100.0 and 160.0 mu m and Spitzer/MIPS at 23.68 and 71.42 mu m when available. We use reexamined absolute visual magnitudes from the literature and ground based programs in support of Herschel observations. Results. We have analysed 18 classical TNOs with previously unpublished data and re-analysed previously published targets with updated data reduction to determine their sizes and geometric albedos as well as beaming factors when data quality allows. We have combined these samples with classical TNOs with radiometric results in the literature for the analysis of sample properties of a total of 44 objects. We find a median geometric albedo for cold classical TNOs of 0.14 sub(-0.07) super(+0.09) and for dynamically hot classical TNOs, excluding the Haumea family and dwarf planets, 0.085 sub(-0.045) super(+0.084) . We have determined the bulk densities of Borasisi-Pabu (2.1 sub(-1.2) super(+2.6) g cm super(-3)), Varda-Ilmare (1.25 sub(-0.43) super(+0.40) g cm super(-3)) and 2001 QC sub(298) (1.14 sub(-0.30) super(+0.34) g cm super(-3)) as well as updated previous density estimates of four targets. We have determined the slope parameter of the debiased cumulative size distribution of dynamically hot classical TNOs as q = 2.3 + or - 0.1 in the diameter range 100 < D < 500 km. For dynamically cold classical TNOs we determine q = 5.1 + or - 1.1 in the diameter range 160 < D < 280 km as the cold classical TNOs have a smaller maximum size.
Objective. To determine the genetic, clinical and serological characteristics of systemic sclerosis (SSc)-rheumatoid arthritis (RA) overlap syndrome.
Methods. Clinical manifestations and ...immunolaboratory features of 22 SSc-RA patients were assessed. The HLA-DR genotype of the 22 SSc-RA patients determined by SSP-PCR was compared with that of 38 SSc patients, 100 RA patients and 50 healthy controls.
Results. All overlap patients fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for SSc and RA. Five of the 22 patients (23%) had diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc) and 17 patients (77%) had limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc). Antinuclear antibody, anti-Scl70, IgM rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibody positivity were detected in 22 (100%), 5 (23%), 16 (73%) and 18 patients (82%), respectively. Seventeen patients (77%) had pulmonary fibrosis, 12 (55%) had oesophageal dismotility, 11 (50%) had cardiac and five (23%) had renal involvement. Hand joint destruction was observed in 18 patients (82%). Significantly increased frequencies of HLA-DR3 (36% vs 5%), HLA-DR7 (9% vs 4%), HLA-DR11 (36% vs 7%) and HLA-DRw53 (23% vs 5%) were observed in SSc-RA compared with RA patients (P < 0.05). Allele frequencies of the 'shared epitope' (HLA-DR1 and -DR4) were significantly increased in SSc-RA (32% and 27%, respectively) and RA patients (46% and 31%, respectively) in comparison with SSc patients (10.5% and 16%, respectively) or healthy controls (16% and 14%, respectively) (P < 0.05).
Conclusions. To date this is the largest SSc-RA overlap cohort. Genetics, clinical and immunolaboratory features suggest a mixed phenotype. Our data suggest that SSc-RA overlap syndrome may be a distinct genetic, immunological and clinical entity.
Recent stellar occultations have allowed accurate instantaneous size and apparent shape determinations of the large Kuiper belt object (50000) Quaoar and the detection of two rings with spatially ...variable optical depths. In this paper we present new visible range light curve data of Quaoar from the Kepler /K2 mission, and thermal light curves at 100 and 160 µm obtained with Herschel /PACS. The K2 data provide a single-peaked period of 8.88 h, very close to the previously determined 8.84 h, and it favours an asymmetric double-peaked light curve with a 17.76 h period. We clearly detected a thermal light curve with relative amplitudes of ~ 10% at 100 and at 160 µm. A detailed thermophysical modelling of the system shows that the measurements can be best fit with a triaxial ellipsoid shape, a volume-equivalent diameter of 1090 km, and axis ratios of a/b = 1.19 and b/c = 1.16. This shape matches the published occultation shape, as well as visual and thermal light curve data. The radiometric size uncertainty remains relatively large (±40 km) as the ring and satellite contributions to the system-integrated flux densities are unknown. In the less likely case of negligible ring or satellite contributions, Quaoar would have a size above 1100 km and a thermal inertia ≤ 10 J m −2 K −1 s −1/2 . A large and dark Weywot in combination with a possible ring contribution would lead to a size below 1080 km in combination with a thermal inertia ≳10 J m −2 K −1 s −1/2 , notably higher than that of smaller Kuiper belt objects with similar albedo and colours. We find that Quaoar’s density is in the range 1.67–1.77 g cm −3 , significantly lower than previous estimates. This density value closely matches the relationship observed between the size and density of the largest Kuiper belt objects.
Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are bodies populating the Kuiper belt and they are believed to retain the most pristine and least altered material of the solar system. The Herschel open time key ...programme entitled "TNOs are Cool: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region" has been awarded 373 h to investigate the albedo, size distribution and thermal properties of TNOs and Centaurs. Here we focus on the brightest targets observed by both the PACS and SPIRE multiband photometers: the dwarf planet Haumea, six TNOs (Huya, Orcus, Quaoar, Salacia, 2002 UX25, and 2002 TC302), and two Centaurs (Chiron and Chariklo). Flux densities are derived from PACS and SPIRE instruments using optimised data reduction methods. The spectral energy distribution obtained with the Herschel PACS and SPIRE instruments over 6 bands , with Spitzer-MIPS at 23.7 and 71.4 mu m, and with WISE at 11.6 and 22.1 mu m in the case of 10199 Chariklo, has been modelled with the NEATM thermal model in order to derive the albedo, diameter, and beaming factor.
In this paper, we present an analysis of K2 mission Campaign 3 observations of the irregular Neptune satellite, Nereid. We determined a rotation period of P = 11.594±0.017 h and amplitude of Δm = 0
...$.\!\!\!^{{\mathrm{m}}}$
0328±0
$.\!\!\!^{{\mathrm{m}}}$
0018, confirming previous short rotation periods obtained in ground-based observations. The similarities of light-curve amplitudes between 2001 and 2015 show that Nereid is in a low-amplitude rotation state nowadays and it could have been in a high-amplitude rotation state in the mid-1960s. Another high-amplitude period is expected in about 30 yr. Based on the light-curve amplitudes observed in the last 15 yr, we could constrain the shape of Nereid and obtained a maximum a:c axis ratio of 1.3:1. This excludes the previously suggested very elongated shape of a:c ≈ 1.9:1 and clearly shows that Nereid's spin axis cannot be in forced precession due to tidal forces. Thermal emission data from the Spitzer Space Telescope and the Herschel Space Observatory indicate that Nereid's shape is actually close to the a:c axis ratio limit of 1.3:1 we obtained, and it has a very rough, highly cratered surface.
The near-Earth asteroid (99942) Apophis is a potentially hazardous asteroid. We obtained far-infrared observations of this asteroid with the Herschel Space Observatory PACS instrument at 70, 100, and ...160 μm. These were taken at two epochs in January and March 2013 during a close-Earth encounter. These first thermal measurements of Apophis were taken at similar phase angles before and after opposition. We performed a detailed thermophysical model analysis by using the spin and shape model recently derived from applying a two-period Fourier series method to a large sample of well-calibrated photometric observations. We found that the tumbling asteroid Apophis has an elongated shape with a mean diameter of 375+14-10 m (of an equal volume sphere) and a geometric V-band albedo of 0.30+0.05-0.06. We found a thermal inertia in the range 250–800 Jm-2 s-0.5 K-1 (best solution at Γ = 600 Jm-2 s-0.5 K-1), which can be explained by a mixture of low-conductivity fine regolith with larger rocks and boulders of high thermal inertia on the surface. The thermal inertia, and other similarities with (25143) Itokawa indicate that Apophis might also have a rubble-pile structure. If we combine the new size value with the assumption of an Itokawa-like density and porosity we estimate a mass between 4.4 and 6.2 × 1010 kg, which is more than 2–3 times larger than previous estimates. We expect that the newly derived properties will influence impact scenario studies and the long-term orbit predictions of Apophis.
Background
To explore the barriers and enablers experienced by nutrition and dietetic professionals in the implementation of the standardised Nutrition Care Process (NCP) across 10 different ...countries. NCP related beliefs, motivations and values were investigated and compared.
Methods
A validated online survey was disseminated to nutrition and dietetics professionals in 10 countries in the local language during 2017. Cross‐sectional associations and differences between countries were explored for level of implementation, barriers/enablers and attitudes/motivation among the respondents.
Results
Higher NCP implementation was associated with greater occurrence of enabling aspects, as well as fewer occurrences of barriers. The most common enabler was ‘recommendation by the national dietetic association’ (69%) and the most common barrier was ‘lack of time’ (39%). A longer experience of NCP use was associated with a more positive attitude towards all NCP aspects. Differences between countries were identified, regarding both the occurrence of barriers/enablers and attitudes/motivations.
Conclusions
Implementation efforts need to be tailored to country‐specific contexts when implementing a new standard of care framework among nutrition and dietetic professionals. Additional research is needed to further assess the management and workplace strategies to support the development of nutrition and dietetics professionals in multidisciplinary healthcare organisations.
Objective. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a skeletal disease characterized by ligamentous ossification of the anterolateral side of the spine. The aim of this study was to ...characterize risk factors associated with DISH. Methods. Subjects were recruited for participation in a screening survey of vertebral osteoporosis. The cases were 69 men and 62 women with DISH and the controls were 69 men and 62 women with spondylosis over the age of 50 yr. Cases and controls were matched for age and sex. Radiographs were taken according to a standardized protocol and DISH was classified using the Resnick criteria. Laboratory parameters and an interviewer‐administered questionnaire were used to obtain data about exposure. Results. The mean ages of the populations with DISH and spondylosis were 65.2±8.8 and 65.0±9.1 yr respectively. Compared with controls, patients with DISH had a greater body mass index (27.8 vs 26.0 kg/m2, P<0.05) and a higher serum level of uric acid (308 vs 288 μmol/l, P<0.05) and were more likely to have had diabetes mellitus (19.8 vs 9.1%, P<0.05). Conclusion. DISH is clearly a distinct disorder with risk factors that distinguish it from other spinal degenerative diseases.
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