A uniform approach to ichnotaxonomy has been for the most part positively received by the scientific community. We carry it further here, presenting a revised treatment of trace fossil groups. These ...should include cololites and regurgitalites as well as root traces. Signs of human technology may be seen as traces; however, they should not be named following the principles of zoological taxonomy and rules of zoological nomenclature. Microbially induced sedimentary structures are not considered as traces and neither are structures resulting from bioclaustration. The latter, also known as galls and embedment structures, may be named as cecidotaxa (cecidofamilies, -genera, -species; briefly cfam., cgen., csp.) and, as such, they are governed by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Cecidotaxa do not compete for synonymy with ichnotaxa, other parataxa or biotaxa. A revised list of ichnotaxobases includes the arrangement of subunits as well as (in a restricted way) size and bioglyphs. The principal type of substrate may serve as an ichnotaxobase, especially in bioerosion traces, but its sole use should be avoided, unless informed by knowledge about the behaviour of specialist producers. For the purpose of the nomenclatural code, we further propose to define ‘fossil’ as ‘not demonstrably postdating the beginning of the Holocene’ and provide a revised definition of ‘ichnotaxon’.
The killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) of NK cells recognize MHC class I ligands and function in placental reproduction and immune defense against pathogens. During the evolution of monkeys, great ...apes, and humans, an ancestral KIR3DL gene expanded to become a diverse and rapidly evolving gene family of four KIR lineages. Characterizing the KIR locus are three framework regions, defining two intervals of variable gene content. By analysis of four KIR haplotypes from two species of gibbon, we find that the smaller apes do not conform to these rules. Although diverse and irregular in structure, the gibbon haplotypes are unusually small, containing only two to five functional genes. Comparison with the predicted ancestral hominoid KIR haplotype indicates that modern gibbon KIR haplotypes were formed by a series of deletion events, which created new hybrid genes as well as eliminating ancestral genes. Of the three framework regions, only KIR3DL3 (lineage V), defining the 5' end of the KIR locus, is present and intact on all gibbon KIR haplotypes. KIR2DL4 (lineage I) defining the central framework region has been a major target for elimination or inactivation, correlating with the absence of its putative ligand, MHC-G, in gibbons. Similarly, the MHC-C-driven expansion of lineage III KIR genes in great apes has not occurred in gibbons because they lack MHC-C. Our results indicate that the selective forces shaping the size and organization of the gibbon KIR locus differed from those acting upon the KIR of other hominoid species.
This paper reports on the design, manufacturing and evaluation of a small, wirelessly powered and read resonating antenna circuit with an integrated pressure sensor. The work aims at developing ...miniature devices suitable for harsh environments, where high temperature prevents the use of conventional, silicon-based microdevices. Here, the device is made of alumina with platinum as conducting material. Ceramic green tapes were structured using high-precision milling, metallized using screen printing, and subsequently laminated to form stacks before they were sintered. The device's frequency shift as a function of temperature was studied up to 900°C. The contributions to the shift both from the thermomechanical deformation of the device at large, and from the integrated and, so far, self-pressurized sensor were sorted out. A total frequency shift of 3200 ppm was observed for the pressure sensor for heating over the whole range. Negligible levels of thermally induced radius of curvature were observed. With three-point bending, a frequency shift of 180 ppm was possible to induce with a curvature of radius of 220 m at a 10 N load. The results indicate that a robust pressure sensor node, which can register pressure changes of a few bars at 900°C and wirelessly transmit the signal, is viable.
Rapid detection of methicillin-resistant
(MRSA) colonization status facilitates isolation and decolonization and reduces MRSA infections. Liquid but not dry swabs allow fully automated detection ...methods. However, the accuracy of culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using liquid and dry swabs has not been analyzed. We compared different swab collection systems for routine nasal-throat MRSA screening in patients admitted to a tertiary care trauma center in Germany. Over 3 consecutive months, dry swabs (month 1), ESwabs (month 2), or MSwabs (month 3) were processed using Cepheid GeneXpert, Roche cobas and BD-MAX™ MRSA tests compared to chromogenic culture. Among 1680 subjects, the MRSA detection rate using PCR methods did not differ significantly between dry swabs, ESwab, and MSwab (6.0%, 6.2%, and 5.3%, respectively). Detection rates using chromogenic culture were 2.9%, 3.9%, and 1.9%, using dry, ESwab, and MSwab, respectively. Using chromogenic culture as the "gold standard", negative predictive values for the PCR tests ranged from 99.2-100%, and positive predictive values from 33.3-54.8%. Thus, efficient and accurate MRSA screening can be achieved using dry, as well as liquid E- or MSwab, collection systems. Specimen collection using ESwab or MSwab facilitates efficient processing for chromogenic culture in full laboratory automation while also allowing molecular testing in automated PCR systems.
The title one-dimensional coordination network, {Eu2(NO3)6(C10H8N2O2)3·2CH2Cl2}n, is isostructural with the previously reported Tb and Tl coordination networks and to its Gd analog. The EuIII ...cation is coordinated in a distorted tricapped trigonal-prismatic fashion by nine O atoms from three bridging 4,4′-bipyridine N,N′-dioxide ligands and three chelating nitrate anions. None of the atoms lie on a special position, but there is an inversion center located between the rings of one of the ligands. The network topology is ladder-like, and each ladder interacts with six neighboring ladders through C—H...O hydrogen bonds. The packing motif of the ladders allows for the formation of channels that run parallel to the a axis; these channels are filled with CH2Cl2 solvent molecules that interact with the ladders through C—H...O hydrogen bonds.
Three isostructural coordination networks of Ce, Pr, and Nd nitrate with 4,4'-bi-pyridine N,N'-dioxide (bpydo) are reported, namely polytris-(nitrato-κ(2) O,O')cerium(III)-bis-(μ2-4,4'-bi-pyridine ...N,N'-dioxide-κ(2) N:N'), Ce(NO3)3(C10H8N2O2)2, polytris-(nitrato-κ(2) O,O')praeseodymium(III)-bis-(μ2-4,4'-bi-pyridine N,N'-dioxide-κ(2) N:N'), Pr(NO3)3(C10H8N2O2)2, and polytris(nitrato-κ(2) O,O')neodymium(III)-bis-(μ2-4,4'-bi-pyridine N,N'-dioxide-κ(2) N:N', Nd(NO3)3(C10H8N2O2)2. All three compounds are isostructural to the previously reported La analogue. The asymmetric unit of Ln(NO3)3(μ2-bpydo)2 contains one lanthanide cation, two bpydo ligands, and three nitrate anions. Both bpydo ligands act as end-to-end μ2-bridges and display nearly ideal cis and gauche conformations, respectively. The bpydo ligands link the ten-coordinate Ln (III) cations, forming inter-digitating 4(4) grid-like layers extending parallel to (-101), where inter-digitation of layers is promoted by C-H⋯O inter-actions between nitrate anions and bpydo ligands. The inter-digitated layers are linked to sets of neighboring layers via further C-H⋯O and π-π inter-actions.
Three isostructural coordination networks of Ce, Pr, and Nd nitrate with 4,4′-bipyridine N,N′-dioxide (bpydo) are reported, namely polytris(nitrato-κ2O,O′)cerium(III)-bis(μ2-4,4′-bipyridine ...N,N′-dioxide-κ2N:N′), Ce(NO3)3(C10H8N2O2)2, polytris(nitrato-κ2O,O′)praeseodymium(III)-bis(μ2-4,4′-bipyridine N,N′-dioxide-κ2N:N′), Pr(NO3)3(C10H8N2O2)2, and polytris(nitrato-κ2O,O′)neodymium(III)-bis(μ2-4,4′-bipyridine N,N′-dioxide-κ2N:N′, Nd(NO3)3(C10H8N2O2)2. All three compounds are isostructural to the previously reported La analogue. The asymmetric unit of Ln(NO3)3(μ2-bpydo)2 contains one lanthanide cation, two bpydo ligands, and three nitrate anions. Both bpydo ligands act as end-to-end μ2-bridges and display nearly ideal cis and gauche conformations, respectively. The bpydo ligands link the ten-coordinate LnIII cations, forming interdigitating 44 grid-like layers extending parallel to (-101), where interdigitation of layers is promoted by C—H...O interactions between nitrate anions and bpydo ligands. The interdigitated layers are linked to sets of neighboring layers via further C—H...O and π–π interactions.
Three isostructural coordination networks of Ce, Pr, and Nd nitrate with 4,4′-bipyridine
N
,
N
′-dioxide (bpydo) are reported, namely polytris(nitrato-κ
2
O
,
O
′)cerium(III)-bis(μ
2
-4,4′-bipyridine
...N
,
N
′-dioxide-κ
2
N
:
N
′), Ce(NO
3
)
3
(C
10
H
8
N
2
O
2
)
2
, polytris(nitrato-κ
2
O
,
O
′)praeseodymium(III)-bis(μ
2
-4,4′-bipyridine
N
,
N
′-dioxide-κ
2
N
:
N
′), Pr(NO
3
)
3
(C
10
H
8
N
2
O
2
)
2
, and polytris(nitrato-κ
2
O
,
O
′)neodymium(III)-bis(μ
2
-4,4′-bipyridine
N
,
N
′-dioxide-κ
2
N
:
N
′, Nd(NO
3
)
3
(C
10
H
8
N
2
O
2
)
2
. All three compounds are isostructural to the previously reported La analogue. The asymmetric unit of
Ln
(NO
3
)
3
(μ
2
-bpydo)
2
contains one lanthanide cation, two bpydo ligands, and three nitrate anions. Both bpydo ligands act as end-to-end μ
2
-bridges and display nearly ideal
cis
and
gauche
conformations, respectively. The bpydo ligands link the ten-coordinate
Ln
III
cations, forming interdigitating 4
4
grid-like layers extending parallel to (-101), where interdigitation of layers is promoted by C—H...O interactions between nitrate anions and bpydo ligands. The interdigitated layers are linked to sets of neighboring layers
via
further C—H...O and π–π interactions.
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