Previous studies have found a female advantage in face recognition ability. The present study sought to replicate this finding in a large sample of 343 Danish psychology students using the Cambridge ...Face Memory Test (CFMT) and the Cambridge Face Perception Test (CFPT). Furthermore, we examined whether a potential female advantage could be explained by more efficient holistic processing indexed by the face inversion effect: a disproportionately larger effect of inversion on face than object processing (dFIE). Here we used the Cambridge Car Memory Test (CCMT) as the control task with cars as the object category. In accordance with previous studies, the results showed a female advantage in face processing both on the CFMT and the CFPT. No gender difference in the dFIE was found, however, indicating that more efficient holistic processing does not underlie the female advantage in face recognition.
Intramuscular lipids are stored as subsarcolemmal or intramyofibrillar droplets with potential diverse roles in energy metabolism. We examined intramuscular lipid utilization through transmission ...electron microscopy during repeated high-intensity intermittent exercise, an aspect that is hitherto unexplored. Seventeen moderately to well-trained males underwent three periods (EX1-EX3) of 10 × 45-s high-intensity cycling ∼100%-120% Watt
(W
) combined with maximal repeated sprints (∼250%-300% W
). M. vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained at baseline, after EX1, and EX3. During the complete exercise session, no net decline in either subsarcolemmal or intermyofibrillar lipid volume density occurred. However, a temporal relationship emerged for subsarcolemmal lipids with an ∼11% increase in droplet size after EX1 (
= 0.024), which reverted to baseline levels after EX3 accompanied by an ∼30% reduction in the numerical density of subsarcolemmal lipid droplets compared with both baseline (
= 0.019) and after EX1 (
= 0.018). Baseline distinctions were demonstrated with an approximately twofold higher intermyofibrillar lipid volume in type 1 versus type 2 fibers (
= 0.008), mediated solely by a higher number rather than the size of lipid droplets (
< 0.001). No fiber-type-specific differences were observed in subsarcolemmal lipid volume although type 2 fibers exhibited ∼17% larger droplets (
= 0.034) but a lower numerical density (main effect;
= 0.010) including 3% less droplets at baseline. Collectively, these findings suggest that intramuscular lipids do not serve as an important substrate during high-intensity intermittent exercise; however, the repeated exercise pattern mediated a temporal remodeling of the subsarcolemmal lipid pool. Furthermore, fiber-type- and compartment-specific differences were found at baseline underscoring the heterogeneity in lipid droplet deposition.
Undertaking a severe repeated high-intensity intermittent exercise protocol led to no net decline in neither subsarcolemmal nor intermyofibrillar lipid content in the thigh muscle of young moderately to well-trained participants. However, a temporal remodeling of the subsarcolemmal pool of lipid droplets did occur indicative of potential transient lipid accumulation. Moreover, baseline fiber-type distinctions in subcellular lipid droplet deposition were present underscoring the diversity in lipid droplet storage among fiber types and subcellular regions.
Vigh-Larsen, JF, Beck, JH, Daasbjerg, A, Knudsen, CB, Kvorning, T, Overgaard, K, Andersen, TB, and Mohr, M. Fitness characteristics of elite and subelite male ice hockey players: A cross-sectional ...study. J Strength Cond Res 33(9): 2352-2360, 2019-The purpose was to evaluate fitness profiles in elite (age 23.5 ± 4.4 years) and subelite (age 19.4 ± 3.1 years) male ice hockey players. Twenty teams from the best (n = 164) and second-best (n = 132) Danish ice hockey division were assessed in-season using a field-test battery consisting of off-ice measurements of countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and body composition, as well as performance tests on the ice. These included the submaximal and maximal Yo-Yo intermittent recovery ice hockey tests, level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1-IHSUB and Yo-Yo IR1-IHMAX), the 5-10-5 pro-agility test, and a straight-line sprint test. Elite players were heavier (85.7 ± 8.1 vs. 80.8 ± 10.0 kg, p ≤ 0.05) and had a higher skeletal muscle mass (41.9 ± 3.9 vs. 38.8 ± 4.7 kg, p ≤ 0.05) than subelite players. Moreover, elite players elicited a superior CMJ (50.1 ± 6.1 vs. 44.9 ± 5.4 cm, p ≤ 0.05), agility (4.76 ± 0.17 vs. 4.96 ± 0.22 seconds, p ≤ 0.05), and sprint (4.49 ± 0.16 vs. 4.71 ± 0.19 seconds, p ≤ 0.05) performance. Finally, elite players outperformed subelite players in Yo-Yo IR1-IHSUB (79.7 ± 6.8 vs. 88.0 ± 5.4% HRmax, p ≤ 0.05) and Yo-Yo IR1-IHMAX tests (2,434 ± 414 vs. 1,850 ± 499 m, p ≤ 0.05). Top elite teams performed. 1.1 and 7% better than bottom elite teams on the agility and CMJ test (p ≤ 0.05), whereas differences approached significance for sprint (p = 0.08) and Yo-Yo IR1-IHMAX (p = 0.08) performance in favor of top-tier teams. No differences were observed between forwards and defensemen. In conclusion, elite-level ice hockey requires a high level of fitness in terms of muscle mass and explosive strength, as well as a well-developed high-intensity intermittent exercise capacity. In addition, these demands seem to apply for both forwards and defensemen.
The combined effect of high pressure processing (HPP) (400, 600 and 800MPa) and carrot fibre (CF) and potato starch (PS) on low salt (1.2%) pork sausages was investigated and compared with high ...(1.8%) salt sausages. Sausages had a marked increase in whitening with increasing content of fibre or starch, pressure level, and process temperature. The degree of redness was mainly affected by pressure level and heat treatment. An important finding regarding salt reduction was that the use of starch or fibre had more impact on textural properties than the level of salt since Young's modulus and strain at fracture were mainly affected by formulation and HPP. Water binding capacity of low salt sausages was improved to the same level as high salt sausages with HPP and addition of CF or PS particularly by the addition of PS which produced sausages with better sensory properties than CF. The sensory analysis showed that this approach is promising for producing low salt sausages.
► We investigate the synergistic cooperation between high pressure and ingredients. ► The effect of pressure on the physical properties of sausages is studied. ► High pressure and ingredients markedly improved low salt sausage texture. ► Changes in colour of sausages with increasing pressure are reported. ► High pressure improves organoleptic traits of sausages enhancing firmness.
During the restructuring of the Vietnamese economy in 1986, the Communist party of Vietnam (CPV) took the decision to leave central planning and build a market economy in Vietnam. In order to promote ...rural development and deal with deforestation, poverty and declining agricultural profitability, the government implemented the forestland allocation policies (FLA) and started a process of decentralization. This research note examines the impact of FLA policies on the agricultural practices of an upland community in central Vietnam and discusses the effects of increased tenure security. It is shown that the promotion of a sedentary production system has altered the sustainability of swidden agriculture leading to declining profitability and that a transition towards new crops and specialized crop cultivation has compensated for the loss. Furthermore, it is argued that the FLA policies have increased the villagers' incentive to invest, their access to credit and the forest area of the village, but that the CPV has been the main driver of these changes rather than the increased tenure security.
► The effect of cream temperature treatment prior to laboratory scale butter production was studied. ► Effect of fluctuating temperature during storage and presence/absence of fat globules was ...tested. ► X-ray and differential scanning calorimetry was used to study crystallization behaviour. ► The crystallization was linked to rheological behaviour, solid fat content and microstructure. ► Fast cooled butter was harder than slow cooled. ► Cream maturing caused transition from α to β′ and β.
The effect of cream heat treatment prior to butter manufacturing, fluctuating temperatures during storage and presence of fat globules vs. no fat globules was examined in laboratory scale produced butter. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry was used to study crystallization behaviour and nuclear magnetic resonance to measure solid fat content and water droplet size distribution. Furthermore, the crystal structure was linked to the rheological properties and microstructure of the butter using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Butter produced from non-matured cream mainly formed α- and β′-crystals with minor traces of β-crystals. Maturing of the cream caused a transition from α- to β′- and β-form. The rheological behaviour of slow cooled butter deviated from the matured ones by having a lower elastic modulus, caused by a weaker crystal network. Presence of fat globules did not affect the rheological properties significantly.
Salinity levels above the drinking water standard (>250 mg/l Cl–) are observed at shallow depth in a Maastrichtian chalk aquifer on the island of Falster, south-eastern Denmark. To understand the ...source of the salt, 63 samples from 12 individual, 1 m, screened intervals between 14 and 26 m b.s. were collected from 1 May to 4 June 2018. The samples were collected during a tracer test to estimate the dual porosity properties of the chalk and were analysed for a wide range of elements. Furthermore, samples from the Baltic Sea and from deeper saline aquifers in the area (40 and 85 m b.s.) were analysed for comparison. The geochemical data were analysed using an unsupervised machine-learning algorithm, self-organising maps, to fingerprint water sources. The water composition in the screened intervals at various stratigraphic levels has specific geochemical fingerprints that are maintained for the first days of pumping and are distinct amongst the different levels. This suggests an evolution in water composition because of reaction with the chalk. Water composition is distinct from both seawater from the nearby Baltic Sea and salty water from deeper levels of the reservoir. Thus, neither up-coning of salty water nor intrusion of seawater caused the elevated salinity levels in the area. The slightly saline composition of groundwater in the shallow aquifer (14–26 m b.s.) is more likely because of incomplete refreshing of the salty connate water in the chalk during the Pleistocene and Holocene. Furthermore, the geochemical fingerprint of salty water from the deeper aquifer at 40 m was similar to water from the Baltic Sea, suggesting a Baltic Sea source for salt in the aquifer at 40 m b.s., c. 100 m from the coast. Statistical analysis based on self-organising maps is an effective tool for interpreting a large number of variables to understand the compositional variation in an aquifer and a useful alternative to linear dimensionality-reduction methods such as principal component analysis. The approach using the multi-element analysis combined with the analysis of self-organising maps may be useful in future studies of groundwater quality.
Looks at ways to increase the scope and power of institutional economics. Different approaches to economic methodology are considered and the broader notions of rationality offered by institutional ...economics are discussed.
The amount of provenance information available for onshore and offshore sedimentary deposits in the North Atlantic Region is substantial and rapidly increasing. These data provide an improved ...understanding of reservoir geology (quality, diagenetic issues, regional source-to-sink relations and local stratigraphic correlations), and thereby can reduce hydrocarbon exploration risk. As such, the number of proprietary, industry-related and public research provenance studies has increased considerably in recent years, and the development and use of new analytical techniques has also caused a surge in the number of grains, isotopes and chemical elements analysed in each study. As a result, it is today close to impossible for the individual researcher or petroleum geologist to draw on all existing provenance data. And the vast expansion of data availability demands new and better methods to analyse and visualise large amounts of data in a systematic way
To this end, the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) and the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) have established a web-based database of provenance data for the North Atlantic area: the North Atlantic Provenance Database. Construction of the database was funded jointly by GEUS and NPD. Future maintenance and further development will be funded by the petroleum industry by subscription to the database. Here, we provide a brief introduction to the database and its future development and expansion. We highlight the current capabilities with an example from East Greenland.
A newly discovered ca. 1.5 Ga old carbonatite dyke in central West Greenland is characterized by very high contents of rare earth elements (REE), Sr and Ba (up to 12.4 wt% total REE, 14.6 wt% SrO and ...12.4 wt% BaO). The dyke occurrence is named ‘Attu carbonatite’ after the nearby village Attu. The carbonatite is primarily composed of carbonate minerals such as Sr-rich calcite (CaCO3) and dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), huntite (Mg3Ca(CO3)4), strontianite (SrCO3), alstonite (CaBa(CO3)2), burbankite ((Na,Ca)3(Sr,Ba, Ce)3(CO3)5) and daqingshanite ((Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce, La)(PO4)(CO3)3−x(OH, F)x). In addition to the wide range of carbonate minerals, the carbonatite contains coarse-grained monazite(Ce), apatite and magnetite. Barite occurs as discrete crystals together with the rock-forming carbonates. Texturally, the carbonatite rock displays abundant intimately intergrown fine- to medium-grained Ca, Sr, Ba and REE carbonate minerals, which exhibit prominent exsolution textures within calcite, burbankite, strontianite and dolomite hosts, as well as in the apatite crystals. Several different exsolution textures are observed: 1) alstonite in calcite; 2) daqingshanite in calcite; 3) daqingshanite in burbankite; 4) MgBa carbonate in strontianite; 5) MgBa carbonate in calcite and strontianite in dolomite; 6) strontianite in apatite; and 7) monazite(Ce) in apatite. The carbonatite dyke is foliated and exsolution textures are observed internally in the foliation-defining minerals indicating that exsolution occurred after the main deformation event.
The carbonatite magma intruded into Archaean basement gneisses that had been affected by the Nagssugtoqidian tectono-metamorphic event at approximately 1850 Ma. Magmatic monazite(Ce) crystals from the carbonatite yield a UPb age of 1565 ± 53 Ma, which is the current best estimate of dyke emplacement. Monazite(Ce) that exsolved from apatite and calcite yields a UPb age of 1492 ± 33 Ma, which is within the analytical uncertainty of the primary magmatic monazite UPb age. However, the UPb age determinations suggest that mineral exsolution occurred a few million years after carbonatite magma emplacement, in response to further cooling of the deep-seated dyke (tectonically-induced uplift?). Dyke emplacement may have occurred within an active ductile shear zone, which helps to explain the foliation of the carbonatite rock, predating cooling-related mineral exsolution. Country rock fenitization by fluids that emanated from the carbonatite dyke intrusion is recorded by the increasing abundance of mafic silicates such as Ba-rich phlogopite at the contact zone.
•A newly discovered ca. 1.5 Ga old carbonatite dyke in central West Greenland•Up to 12.4 wt% total REE, 14.6 wt% SrO and 12.4 wt% BaO.•Exsolution of alstonite in calcite; daqingshanite in calcite; daqingshanite(Ce) in burbankite; MgBa carbonate in strontianite.•Primary magmatic monazite(Ce) as well as monazite(Ce) exsolved from apatite and calcite
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