Internet addiction is a newly emergent disorder. It has been found to be associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders. Information about such coexisting psychiatric disorders is essential to ...understand the mechanism of Internet addiction. In this review, we have recruited articles mentioning coexisting psychiatric disorders of Internet addiction from the PubMed database as at November 3, 2009. We describe the updated results for such disorders of Internet addiction, which include substance use disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, hostility, and social anxiety disorder. We also provide discussion for possible mechanisms accounting for the coexistence of psychiatric disorders and Internet addiction. The review might suggest that combined psychiatric disorders mentioned above should be evaluated and treated to prevent their deteriorating effect on the prognosis of Internet addiction. On the other hand, Internet addiction should be paid more attention to when treating people with these coexisting psychiatric disorders of Internet addiction. Additionally, we also suggest future necessary research directions that could provide further important information for the understanding of this issue.
The Omicron variant is rapidly becoming the dominant SARS-CoV-2 virus circulating globally. It is important to define reductions in virus neutralizing activity in the serum of convalescent or ...vaccinated individuals to understand potential loss of protection against infection by Omicron. We previously established that a 50% plaque reduction neutralization antibody titer (PRNT
) ≥25.6 in our live virus assay corresponded to the threshold for 50% protection from infection against wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2. Here we show markedly reduced serum antibody titers against the Omicron variant (geometric mean titer (GMT) < 10) compared to WT virus 3-5 weeks after two doses of BNT162b2 (GMT = 218.8) or CoronaVac vaccine (GMT = 32.5). A BNT162b2 booster dose elicited Omicron PRNT
titers ≥25.6 in 88% of individuals (22 of 25) who previously received 2 doses of BNT162b2 and 80% of individuals (24 of 30) who previously received CoronaVac. However, few (3%) previously infected individuals (1 of 30) or those vaccinated with three doses of CoronaVac (1 of 30) met this threshold. Our findings suggest that countries primarily using CoronaVac vaccines should consider messenger RNA vaccine boosters in response to the spread of Omicron. Studies evaluating the effectiveness of different vaccines against the Omicron variant are urgently needed.
A number of patient-specific and leukemia-associated factors are related to the poor outcome in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, comprehensive studies regarding the impact ...of genetic alterations in this group of patients are limited. In this study, we compared relevant mutations in 21 genes between AML patients aged 60 years or older and those younger and exposed their prognostic implications. Compared with the younger patients, the elderly had significantly higher incidences of PTPN11, NPM1, RUNX1, ASXL1, TET2, DNMT3A and TP53 mutations but a lower frequency of WT1 mutations. The older patients more frequently harbored one or more adverse genetic alterations. Multivariate analysis showed that DNMT3A and TP53 mutations were independent poor prognostic factors among the elderly, while NPM1 mutation in the absence of FLT3/ITD was an independent favorable prognostic factor. Furthermore, the status of mutations could well stratify older patients with intermediate-risk cytogenetics into three risk groups. In conclusion, older AML patients showed distinct genetic alterations from the younger group. Integration of cytogenetics and molecular mutations can better risk-stratify older AML patients. Development of novel therapies is needed to improve the outcome of older patients with poor prognosis under current treatment modalities.
Background
Kawasaki disease is a vasculitis most commonly afflicting children <5 years of age. Many autoimmune diseases are associated with up‐regulation of T helper (Th) 17 cells, and ...down‐regulation Treg cells. Few studies have examined the Th17/Treg expression in Kawasaki disease.
Methods
Blood samples were obtained from 186 children with Kawasaki disease at 24 h before IVIG therapy, followed by 3 days and 21 days after IVIG therapy. Thirty children with an acute febrile infectious disease and 30 healthy children were obtained as control. Plasma levels of Th17‐ and Treg‐related cytokines including IL‐6, IL‐17A, IL‐10, TGF‐β, and mRNA expression levels of RORγt and Foxp3 were tested.
Results
Patients with Kawasaki disease had higher levels of plasma IL‐17A (25.35 ± 3.21 vs 7.78 ± 1.78 pg/ml, P < 0.001) and IL‐6 (152.29 ± 21.94 vs 38.63 ± 12.40 pg/ml, P < 0.001) when compared to the febrile control group. IVIG resulted in a reduction in IL‐6 and IL‐17A at both 3 and 21 days after IVIG therapy. FoxP3 levels increased significantly 3 days after IVIG therapy (2.28 ± 0.34 vs 0.88 ± 0.14, P < 0.001). IVIG resistance was associated with higher levels of IL‐10 and IL‐17A.
Conclusion
Kawasaki disease was associated with higher IL‐17A and IL‐6, a cytokine profile similar to other autoimmune diseases. IVIG therapy resulted in increased expression of Treg‐related FoxP3. IVIG resistance was associated with higher levels of IL‐10 and IL‐17A. Our findings provide further evidence that Kawasaki disease is an autoimmune‐like disease.
Dysregulation of cell surface proteolysis has been strongly implicated in tumorigenicity and metastasis. In this study, we delineated the role of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-2 ...(HAI-2) in prostate cancer (PCa) cell migration, invasion, tumorigenicity and metastasis using a human PCa progression model (103E, N1, and N2 cells) and xenograft models. N1 and N2 cells were established through serial intraprostatic propagation of 103E human PCa cells and isolation of the metastatic cells from nearby lymph nodes. The invasion capability of these cells was revealed to gradually increase throughout the serial isolations (103E<N1<N2). In this series of cells, the expression of HAI-2 but not HAI-1 was significantly decreased throughout the progression and occurred in parallel with increased activation of matriptase. The expression level and activity of matriptase increased whereas the HAI-2 protein level decreased over the course of orthotopic tumor growth in mice, which was consistent with the immunohistochemical profiles of matriptase and HAI-2 in archival PCa specimens. Knockdown of matriptase reduced the PCa cell invasion induced by HAI-2 knockdown. HAI-2 overexpression or matriptase silencing in N2 cells downregulated matriptase activity and significantly decreased tumorigenicity and metastatic capability in orthotopically xenografted mice. These results suggest that during the progression of human PCa, matriptase activity is primarily controlled by HAI-2 expression. The imbalance between HAI-2 and matriptase expression led to matriptase activation, thereby increasing cell migration, invasion, tumorigenicity and metastasis.
Diabet. Med. 27, 1033–1040 (2010)
Aims This study compared the efficacy and safety of tramadol/acetaminophen (T/A) and gabapentin in the management of painful diabetic neuropathy.
Methods An open, ...randomized, comparative study was conducted. Subjects with painful symmetric neuropathy in the lower limbs and mean pain‐intensity score ≥ 4 on a numeric rating scale were eligible. Subjects were randomized to receive either tramadol (37.5 mg)/acetaminophen (325 mg) or gabapentin (300 mg) for 6 weeks. After 2 weeks of the titration period (1200 mg/day for gabapentin and three tablets/day for T/A), the doses were maintained if the pain was relieved. The primary efficacy outcome was a reduction in pain intensity. Secondary measures evaluated a pain relief scale, a Brief Pain Inventory, a 36‐item Short Form Health Survey, average pain intensity and sleep disturbance.
Results One hundred and sixty‐three subjects (T/A 79; gabapentin 84) were included. At the final visit, the mean doses were 1575 mg/day for gabapentin and 4.22 tablets/day for T/A. Both groups were similar in terms of baseline pain intensity (mean intensity: T/A 6.7 ± 1.6; gabapentin 6.3 ± 1.6, P = 0.168). At the final visit, the mean reductions in pain intensity were similar in both groups (T/A −3.1 ± 2.0; gabapentin −2.7 ± 2.1, P = 0.744). Both groups had similar improvements in every Short Form Health Survey category and Brief Pain Inventory subcategory, and in the mean pain relief scores.
Conclusion This study suggests that the T/A combination treatment is as effective as gabapentin in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
There is little question that the “electronic revolution” of the 20th century has impacted almost every aspect of human life. However, the emergence of solid‐state electronics as a ubiquitous feature ...of an advanced modern society is posing new challenges such as the management of electronic waste (e‐waste) that will remain through the 21st century. In addition to developing strategies to manage such e‐waste, further challenges can be identified concerning the conservation and recycling of scarce elements, reducing the use of toxic materials and solvents in electronics processing, and lowering energy usage during fabrication methods. In response to these issues, the construction of electronic devices from renewable or biodegradable materials that decompose to harmless by‐products is becoming a topic of great interest. Such “green” electronic devices need to be fabricated on industrial scale through low‐energy and low‐cost methods that involve low/non‐toxic functional materials or solvents. This review highlights recent advances in the development of biodegradable materials and processing strategies for electronics with an emphasis on areas where green electronic devices show the greatest promise, including solar cells, organic field‐effect transistors, light‐emitting diodes, and other electronic devices.
Recent research progress of biodegradable materials and green processing for green electronics is comprehensively reviewed. The biodegradable materials used for different functional layers and green/nontoxic processing for solar cells, organic field‐effect transistors, light‐emitting diodes, and other devices are discussed in detail. Future development and a perspective for green electronics are also proposed and presented.
This cutting-edge study delves into regional magmatism in northern Taiwan through advanced 3-D P- and S-wave frequency-dependent attenuation tomography. Positioned at the dynamic convergence boundary ...between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate, Taiwan experiences moderate earthquakes and intriguing volcanic activity, with a focus on the Tatun volcano group. Employing the Formosa seismic array for high-resolution results, our research identifies high-attenuation anomalies (low Q) beneath the northern Taiwan volcanic zone (NTVZ) and offshore submarine volcanoes, indicative of potential hydrothermal activities and magma reservoirs at varying depths. Additionally, we explore low-attenuation anomalies (high Q) in the forearc region of the Ryukyu subduction zone, suggestive of partial saturation linked to serpentinization processes resulting from seawater infiltration or forearc mantle hydration. These findings shed light on the complex geological features and provide essential insights into the crustal properties of northern Taiwan, contributing to a deeper understanding of its magmatic evolution and tectonic processes.
Summary Background Itch is the cardinal symptom of atopic dermatitis (AD). β‐Endorphin, a neuropeptide, is increased in both AD skin and sera. Interleukin (IL)‐31, an itch‐relevant cytokine, ...activates IL‐31 receptors in keratinocytes. However, how IL‐31 and β‐endorphin interact in AD skin remains elusive.
Objectives To investigate the mechanistic interaction of IL‐31 and β‐endorphin in AD.
Methods This was a prospective cross‐sectional study. We recruited adult patients with AD and controls according to Hanifin’s AD criteria. Serum levels of IL‐31 and β‐endorphin were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Expressions of IL‐31 receptor A (IL‐31RA) and β‐endorphin in the skin were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Their expression in the skin and blood was compared and correlated in patients with AD and in controls. We also treated primary keratinocytes with IL‐31 and measured calcium influx, β‐endorphin production and signalling pathways to define their mechanistic interactions.
Results β‐Endorphin was increased in the supernatant from IL‐31‐treated keratinocytes. IL‐31 receptor activation resulted in calcium influx and STAT3 activation; pretreatment with STAT3 inhibitor stopped the increase of β‐endorphin. Notably, either replacement of extracellular calcium or treatment with 2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, an inhibitor for the store‐operated channel, blocked STAT3 activation. We found higher levels of blood β‐endorphin and IL‐31, which were significantly correlated, in patients with AD. Moreover, IL‐31RA and β‐endorphin were increased and colocalized both in AD human skin and TPA‐painted mouse skin.
Conclusions IL‐31 receptor activation in keratinocytes induces calcium influx and STAT3‐dependent production of β‐endorphin. These results might contribute to an understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying peripheral itch.
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