Abstract
Bolometric luminosities and Eddington ratios of both X-ray selected broad-line (Type-1) and narrow-line (Type-2) active galactic nuclei (AGN) from the XMM-Newton survey in the Cosmic ...Evolution Survey field are presented. The sample is composed of 929 AGN (382 Type-1 AGN and 547 Type-2 AGN) and it covers a wide range of redshifts, X-ray luminosities and absorbing column densities. About 65 per cent of the sources are spectroscopically identified as either Type-1 or Type-2 AGN (83 and 52 per cent, respectively), while accurate photometric redshifts are available for the rest of the sample. The study of such a large sample of X-ray selected AGN with a high-quality multiwavelength coverage from the far-infrared (now with the inclusion of Herschel data at 100 and 160 μm) to the optical-ultraviolet allows us to obtain accurate estimates of bolometric luminosities, bolometric corrections and Eddington ratios. The k
bol - L
bol relations derived in this work are calibrated for the first time against a sizable AGN sample, and rely on observed redshifts, X-ray luminosities and column density distributions. We find that k
bol is significantly lower at high L
bol with respect to previous estimates by Marconi et al. and Hopkins et al. Black hole (BH) masses and Eddington ratios are available for 170 Type-1 AGN, while BH masses for Type-2 AGN are computed for 481 objects using the BH mass-stellar mass relation and the morphological information. We confirm a trend between k
bol and λEdd, with lower hard X-ray bolometric corrections at lower Eddington ratios for both Type-1 and Type-2 AGN. We find that, on average, the Eddington ratio increases with redshift for all types of AGN at any given M
BH, while no clear evolution with redshift is seen at any given L
bol.
Abstract
We present the first results from the Mapping Obscuration to Reionization with ALMA (MORA) survey, the largest Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) blank-field contiguous ...survey to date (184 arcmin
2
) and the only at 2 mm to search for dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs). We use the 13 sources detected above 5
σ
to estimate the first ALMA galaxy number counts at this wavelength. These number counts are then combined with the state-of-the-art galaxy number counts at 1.2 and 3 mm and with a backward evolution model to place constraints on the evolution of the IR luminosity function and dust-obscured star formation in the past 13 billion years. Our results suggest a steep redshift evolution on the space density of DSFGs and confirm the flattening of the IR luminosity function at faint luminosities, with a slope of
. We conclude that the dust-obscured component, which peaks at
z
≈ 2–2.5, has dominated the cosmic history of star formation for the past ∼12 billion years, back to
z
∼ 4. At
z
= 5, the dust-obscured star formation is estimated to be ∼35% of the total star formation rate density and decreases to 25%–20% at
z
= 6–7, implying a minor contribution of dust-enshrouded star formation in the first billion years of the universe. With the dust-obscured star formation history constrained up to the end of the epoch of reionization, our results provide a benchmark to test galaxy formation models, to study the galaxy mass assembly history, and to understand the dust and metal enrichment of the universe at early times.
In spite of their conjectured importance for the Epoch of Reionization, the properties of low-mass galaxies are currently still very much under debate. In this article, we study the stellar and ...gaseous properties of faint, low-mass galaxies at z> 3. We observed the Frontier Fields cluster Abell S1063 with MUSE over a 2 arcmin super(2) field, and combined integral-field spectroscopy with gravitational lensing to perform a blind search for intrinsically faint Ly alpha emitters (LAEs). We determined in total the redshift of 172 galaxies of which 14 are lensed LAEs at z=3-6.1. We increased the number of spectroscopically-confirmed multiple-image families from 6 to 17 and updated our gravitational-lensing model accordingly. The lensing-corrected Ly alpha luminosities are with L sub(Ly alpha ) <, ~ 10 super(41.5) erg/s among the lowest for spectroscopically confirmed LAEs at any redshift. We used expanding gaseous shell models to fit the Ly alpha line profile, and find low column densities and expansion velocities. This is, to our knowledge, the first time that gaseous properties of such faint galaxies at z> ~ 3 are reported. We performed SED modelling to broadband photometry from the U band through the infrared to determine the stellar properties of these LAEs. The stellar masses are very low (10 super(6-8)M sub(middot in circle)), and are accompanied by very young ages of 1-100 Myr. The very high specific star-formation rates (~100 Gyr super(-1)) are characteristic of starburst galaxies, and we find that most galaxies will double their stellar mass in <, ~ 20 Myr. The UV-continuum slopes beta are low in our sample, with beta < -2 for all galaxies with Mlow * < 10 super(8)M sub(middot in circle). We conclude that our low-mass galaxies at 3 < z< 6 are forming stars at higher rates when correcting for stellar mass effects than seen locally or in more massive galaxies. The young stellar populations with high star-formation rates and low Hi column densities lead to continuum slopes and LyC-escape fractions expected for a scenario where low mass galaxies reionise the Universe.
We measure new estimates for the galaxy stellar mass function and star formation rates for samples of galaxies at z ∼ 4, 5, 6 and 7 using data in the CANDELS GOODS South field. The deep near-infrared ...observations allow us to construct the stellar mass function at z ≥ 6 directly for the first time. We estimate stellar masses for our sample by fitting the observed spectral energy distributions with synthetic stellar populations, including nebular line and continuum emission. The observed UV luminosity functions for the samples are consistent with previous observations; however, we find that the observed M
UV-M
* relation has a shallow slope more consistent with a constant mass-to-light ratio and a normalization which evolves with redshift. Our stellar mass functions have steep low-mass slopes (α ≈ −1.9), steeper than previously observed at these redshifts and closer to that of the UV luminosity function. Integrating our new mass functions, we find the observed stellar mass density evolves from
$\log _{10} \rho _{*} = 6.64^{+0.58}_{-0.89}$
at z ∼ 7 to 7.36 ± 0.06 M⊙ Mpc− 3 at z ∼ 4. Finally, combining the measured UV continuum slopes (β) with their rest-frame UV luminosities, we calculate dust-corrected star formation rates (SFR) for our sample. We find the specific SFR for a fixed stellar mass increases with redshift whilst the global SFR density falls rapidly over this period. Our new SFR density estimates are higher than previously observed at this redshift.
The analysis of galaxies on the star formation rate-stellar mass (SFR–M∗) plane is a powerful diagnostic for galaxy evolution at different cosmic times. We consider a sample of 24 463 galaxies from ...the CANDELS/GOODS-S survey to conduct a detailed analysis of the SFR–M∗ relation at redshifts \hbox{$0.5\leqslant z<$}0.5 ⩽ z<3 over more than three dex in stellar mass. To obtain SFR estimates, we utilise mid- and far-IR photometry when available, and rest-UV fluxes for all the other galaxies. We perform our analysis in different redshift bins, with two different methods: 1) a linear regression fitting of all star-forming galaxies, defined as those with specific SFRs log 10(sSFR/ yr-1) > −9.8, similarly to what is typically done in the literature; 2) a multi-Gaussian decomposition to identify the galaxy main sequence (MS), the starburst sequence and the quenched galaxy cloud. We find that the MS slope becomes flatter when higher stellar mass cuts are adopted, and that the apparent slope change observed at high masses depends on the SFR estimation method. In addition, the multi-Gaussian decomposition reveals the presence of a starburst population which increases towards low stellar masses and high redshifts. We find that starbursts make up ~ 5% of all galaxies at z = 0.5−1.0, while they account for ~ 16% of galaxies at 2 <z< 3 with log10(M∗/M0) = 8.25–11.25. We conclude that the dissection of the SFR–M∗ in multiple components over a wide range of stellar masses is necessary to understand the importance of the different modes of star formation through cosmic time.
We present new observational determinations of the evolution of the 2–10 keV X-ray luminosity function (XLF) of active galactic nuclei (AGN). We utilize data from a number of surveys including both ...the 2 Ms Chandra Deep Fields and the AEGIS-X 200 ks survey, enabling accurate measurements of the evolution of the faint end of the XLF. We combine direct, hard X-ray selection and spectroscopic follow-up or photometric redshift estimates at z < 1.2 with a rest-frame UV colour pre-selection approach at higher redshifts to avoid biases associated with catastrophic failure of the photometric redshifts. Only robust optical counterparts to X-ray sources are considered using a likelihood ratio matching technique. A Bayesian methodology is developed that considers redshift probability distributions, incorporates selection functions for our high-redshift samples and allows robust comparison of different evolutionary models. We statistically account for X-ray sources without optical counterparts to correct for incompleteness in our samples. We also account for Poissonian effects on the X-ray flux estimates and sensitivities and thus correct for the Eddington bias. We find that the XLF retains the same shape at all redshifts, but undergoes strong luminosity evolution out to z∼ 1, and an overall negative density evolution with increasing redshift, which thus dominates the evolution at earlier times. We do not find evidence that a luminosity-dependent density evolution, and the associated flattening of the faint-end slope, is required to describe the evolution of the XLF. We find significantly higher space densities of low-luminosity, high-redshift AGN than in prior studies, and a smaller shift in the peak of the number density to lower redshifts with decreasing luminosity. The total luminosity density of AGN peaks at z= 1.2 ± 0.1, but there is a mild decline to higher redshifts. We find that >50 per cent of black hole growth takes place at z > 1, with around half in LX < 1044 erg s−1 AGN.
We study the incidence of nuclear obscuration on a complete sample of 1310 active galactic nuclei (AGN) selected on the basis of their rest-frame 2-10 keV X-ray flux from the XMM-COSMOS survey, in ...the redshift range 0.3 < z < 3.5. We classify the AGN as obscured or unobscured on the basis of either the optical spectral properties and the overall SED or the shape of the X-ray spectrum. The two classifications agree in about 70 per cent of the objects, and the remaining 30 per cent can be further subdivided into two distinct classes: at low luminosities X-ray unobscured AGN do not always show signs of broad lines or blue/UV continuum emission in their optical spectra, most likely due to galaxy dilution effects; at high-luminosities broad-line AGN may have absorbed X-ray spectra, which hints at an increased incidence of small-scale (sub-parsec) dust-free obscuration. We confirm that the fraction of obscured AGN is a decreasing function of the intrinsic X-ray luminosity, while the incidence of absorption shows significant evolution only for the most luminous AGN, which appear to be more commonly obscured at higher redshift. We find no significant difference between the mean stellar masses and star formation rates of obscured and unobscured AGN hosts. We conclude that the physical state of the medium responsible for obscuration in AGN is complex and mainly determined by the radiation environment (nuclear luminosity) in a small region enclosed within the gravitational sphere of influence of the central black hole, but is largely insensitive to the wider scale galactic conditions.
Aims. We wish to investigate the physical properties of a sample of Lyα emitting galaxies in the VANDELS survey, with particular focus on the role of kinematics and neutral hydrogen column density in ...the escape and spatial distribution of Lyα photons. Methods. From all the Lyα emitting galaxies in the VANDELS Data Release 2 at 3.5 ≲ z ≲ 4.5, we selected a sample of 52 galaxies that also have a precise systemic redshift determination from at least one nebular emission line (HeII or CIII). For these galaxies, we derived different physical properties (stellar mass, age, dust extinction, and star formation rate) from spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting of the exquisite multiwavelength photometry available in the VANDELS fields, using the dedicated spectral modeling tool BEAGLE and the UV β slope from the observed photometry. We characterized the Lyα emission in terms of kinematics, equivalent width (EW), full width at half-maximum, and spatial extension and then estimated the velocity of the neutral outflowing gas. The ultra-deep VANDELS spectra (up to 80 h on-source integration) enable this for individual galaxies without the need to rely on stacks. We then investigated the correlations between the Lyα properties and the other measured properties to study how they affect the shape and intensity of Lyα emission. Results. We reproduce some of the well-known correlations between Lyα EW and stellar mass, dust extinction, and UV β slope, in the sense that the emission line appears brighter in galaxies with lower mass that are less dusty and bluer. We do not find any correlation with the SED-derived star formation rate, while we find that galaxies with brighter Lyα tend to be more compact in both UV and in Lyα. Our data reveal an interesting correlation between the Lyα velocity offset and the shift of the interstellar absorption lines with respect to the systemic redshift, observed for the first time at high redshifts: galaxies with higher interstellar medium (ISM) outflow velocities show smaller Lyα velocity shifts. We interpret this relation in the context of the shell-model scenario, where the velocity of the ISM and the HI column density contribute together in determining the Lyα kinematics. In support to our interpretation, we observe that galaxies with high HI column densities have much more extended Lyα spatial profiles; this is a sign of increased scattering. However, we do not find any evidence that the HI column density is related to any other physical properties of the galaxies, although this might be due in part to the limited range of parameters that our sample spans.
We present the results of CANDELSz7, a European Southern Observatory (ESO) Large Program aimed at spectroscopically confirming a homogeneous sample of z ≃ 6 and z ≃ 7 star forming galaxies. The ...candidates were selected in the GOODS-South, UDS, and COSMOS fields using the official CANDELS catalogs based on H160-band detections. Standard color criteria, which were tailored depending on the ancillary multi-wavelength data available for each field, were applied to select more than 160 candidate galaxies at z ≃ 6 and z ≃ 7. Deep, medium-resolution FORS2 spectroscopic observations were then conducted with integration times ranging from 12 to 20 h to reach a Lyα flux limit of approximately 1 − 3 × 10−18 erg s−1 cm−2 at 3σ. We could determine a spectroscopic redshift for about 40% of the galaxies, mainly through the detection of a single emission line that we interpret as Lyα emission, or for some of the brightest objects (H160 ≤ 25.5) from the presence of faint continuum and a sharp drop that we interpret as a Lyα break. In this paper we present the redshifts and main properties of 65 newly confirmed high-redshift galaxies. Adding previous proprietary and archival data we assemble a sample of ≃260 galaxies that we use to explore the evolution of the Lyα fraction in Lyman break galaxies and the change in the shape of the emission line between z ∼ 6 and z ∼ 7. We also discuss the accuracy of the CANDELS photometric redshifts in this redshift range.
We quantify the evolution of the stellar mass functions (SMFs) of star-forming and quiescent galaxies as a function of morphology from z ∼ 3 to the present. Our sample consists of ∼50 000 galaxies in ...the CANDELS fields (∼880 arcmin2), which we divide into four main morphological types, i.e. pure bulge-dominated systems, pure spiral disc-dominated, intermediate two-component bulge+disc systems and irregular disturbed galaxies. At z ∼ 2, 80 per cent of the stellar mass density of star-forming galaxies is in irregular systems. However, by z ∼ 0.5, irregular objects only dominate at stellar masses below 109 M⊙. A majority of the star-forming irregulars present at z ∼ 2 undergo a gradual transformation from disturbed to normal spiral disc morphologies by z ∼ 1 without significant interruption to their star formation. Rejuvenation after a quenching event does not seem to be common except perhaps for the most massive objects, because the fraction of bulge-dominated star-forming galaxies with M
*/M⊙ > 1010.7 reaches 40 per cent at z < 1. Quenching implies the presence of a bulge: the abundance of massive red discs is negligible at all redshifts over 2 dex in stellar mass. However, the dominant quenching mechanism evolves. At z > 2, the SMF of quiescent galaxies above M* is dominated by compact spheroids. Quenching at this early epoch destroys the disc and produces a compact remnant unless the star-forming progenitors at even higher redshifts are significantly more dense. At 1 < z < 2, the majority of newly quenched galaxies are discs with a significant central bulge. This suggests that mass quenching at this epoch starts from the inner parts and preserves the disc. At z < 1, the high-mass end of the passive SMF is globally in place and the evolution mostly happens at stellar masses below 1010 M⊙. These low-mass galaxies are compact, bulge-dominated systems, which were environmentally quenched: destruction of the disc through ram-pressure stripping is the likely process.
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