This paper describes the methodology and application of the very popular nonparametric test which is a rank based test named as Kruskal-Wallis. This test is useful as a general nonparametric test for ...comparing more than two independent samples. It can be used to test whether such samples come from the same distribution. This test is powerful alternative to the one-way analysis of variance. Nonparametric ANOVA has no assumption of normality of random error but the independence of random error is required. If the Kruskal-Wallis statistic is significant, the nonparametric multiple comparison tests are useful methods for further analysis. The statistical analysis of the application data in this paper was performed with software MATLAB.
Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are anaerobic microorganisms, which use sulfate as an electron acceptor in the process of dissimilatory sulfate reduction. The final metabolic product of these ...anaerobic microorganisms is hydrogen sulfide, which is known as toxic and can lead to damage to epithelial cells of the large intestine at high concentrations. Different genera of SRB are detected in the large intestine of healthy human and animals, and with diseases like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. SRB isolated from rodents with ulcerative colitis have produced 1.14 (mice) and 1.03 (rats) times more sulfide ions than healthy rodents. The species of
genus are the most widespread among all SRB in the intestine. The object of our research was to observe and compare the difference of production of sulfide and reduction of sulfate in intestinal SRB isolated from healthy rodents and rodents with ulcerative colitis.
The Phl p 5 allergen of the plant species
Phleum pratense
is considered one of the most crucial grass pollen allergenic molecules inducing respiratory allergies. In this study, we evaluated seasonal ...variation in the concentration of both grass pollen and Phl p 5 allergens as well as the ratio allergen/pollen (pollen potency) in the air of Bratislava during two consecutive years, 2019–2020. These 2 years differed in terms of air pollution, as COVID-19 lockdown in spring 2020 considerably improved air quality in the study area. Air samples were collected using a Hirst-type sampler for pollen detection and the cyclone sampler for aeroallergen detection. In 2020, we observed 80.3% higher seasonal pollen integral, probably associated with the longer pollen season duration, however, 43.6% lower mean daily pollen potency than in 2019. The mean daily pollen value was 37.5% higher in 2020 than in the previous year, while the mean daily allergen value was 14.9% lower in 2020. To evaluate the relationship between the amount of pollen or allergen in the air and selected meteorological factors and air pollution parameters, we used multiple regression analysis. Regarding weather factors, precipitation and relative humidity were significantly associated with pollen and/or allergen concentration, though these associations were negative. Atmospheric pollutants, especially CO, NO
2
and O
3
were significantly associated with pollen and/or allergen levels. The associations with CO and O
3
were positive, while the association with NO
2
was negative. Our results indicate that for grasses, an air pollutant that has a significant positive relationship to the ratio of allergen/pollen is nitrogen dioxide.
Summary
Co‐production of two or more desirable compounds from low‐cost substrates by a single microbial catalyst could greatly improve the economic competitiveness of many biotechnological processes. ...However, reports demonstrating the adoption of such co‐production strategy are still scarce. In this study, the ability of genome‐edited strain Pseudomonas putida EM42 to simultaneously valorize d‐xylose and d‐cellobiose – two important lignocellulosic carbohydrates – by converting them into the platform chemical d‐xylonate and medium‐chain‐length polyhydroxyalkanoates, respectively, was investigated. Biotransformation experiments performed with P. putida resting cells showed that promiscuous periplasmic glucose oxidation route can efficiently generate extracellular xylonate with a high yield. Xylose oxidation was subsequently coupled to the growth of P. putida with cytoplasmic β‐glucosidase BglC from Thermobifida fusca on d‐cellobiose. This disaccharide turned out to be a better co‐substrate for xylose‐to‐xylonate biotransformation than monomeric glucose. This was because unlike glucose, cellobiose did not block oxidation of the pentose by periplasmic glucose dehydrogenase Gcd, but, similarly to glucose, it was a suitable substrate for polyhydroxyalkanoate formation in P. putida. Co‐production of extracellular xylose‐born xylonate and intracellular cellobiose‐born medium‐chain‐length polyhydroxyalkanoates was established in proof‐of‐concept experiments with P. putida grown on the disaccharide. This study highlights the potential of P. putida EM42 as a microbial platform for the production of xylonate, identifies cellobiose as a new substrate for mcl‐PHA production, and proposes a fresh strategy for the simultaneous valorization of xylose and cellobiose.
Co‐production of two or more desirable compounds from low‐cost substrates by a single microbial catalyst could greatly improve the economic competitiveness of many biotechnological processes. In this study, the ability of genome‐edited strain Pseudomonas putida EM42 to simultaneously valorise d‐xylose and d‐cellobiose – two important lignocellulosic carbohydrates – by converting them into the platform chemical d‐xylonate and medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates, respectively, was investigated.
A thunderstorm is a risk factor for severe respiratory allergy or asthma attacks in patients suffering from pollen/spore allergy. This study aimed to investigate the changes in the spectrum and ...quantity of pollen and fungal spores in the air of Bratislava during summer storms as well as the impact of selected environmental parameters on these changes. Pollen/spore samples were collected using a Burkard volumetric aerospore trap during summer 2016. To identify those types of pollen/spores that may harm human health during the storm episodes, we analysed how the concentration of individual bioparticles in the air changed during pre-storm/storm/post-storm periods. The effect of environmental variables on the concentration of selected pollen/spore types was evaluated through Spearman’s correlation analysis. The results of our study suggest that thunderstorm-related respiratory allergy symptoms in the study area may be caused by (1) spores of Myxomycetes, the airborne concentration of which increases due to an increase in wind speed during the pre-storm period; (2) ruptured pollen and Diatripaceae spores, the concentration of which increases due to increase in precipitation and relative air humidity, respectively, during the storm period; and (3) spores of
Fusarium
and
Leptosphaeria
, the concentration of which increases due to increase in precipitation and air temperature, respectively, during the post-storm period.
Fungal spores were identified and quantified in the air of Bratislava during the 1-year period (2016) using a Burkard 7-day volumetric aerospore trap. Based on data obtained, the first spore calendar ...in Slovakia has been constructed for the urban area of Bratislava. The total annual spore concentration recorded during this period was 836,418 spores/m
3
, belonging to 53 fungal spore types. The fungal taxa contributing the highest concentration of spores were
Cladosporium
(71.88% of the total),
Coprinus
(8.84%),
Leptosphaeria
(3.88%),
Ganoderma
(3.43%) and
Alternaria
(2.79%). Remaining 48 spore types were less well represented (altogether 9.18% of the total). Daily monitoring data revealed a large variation in airborne spore concentrations. Fungal spores peaked during summer and autumn months (June–October) and declined from November to March. The maximum monthly total spore concentration (153,342 spores/m
3
) was recorded in July, while the minimum (1381 spores/m
3
) in January. The relationships between mean daily airborne spore concentrations of selected fungal taxa and meteorological variables were evaluated through multiple regression analysis. The percentage of variation explained by regression analyses was 49.7% for
Alternaria
, 46.9% for
Ganoderma
, 45.8% for
Cladosporium
, 43.9% for
Leptosphaeria
and 32.1% for
Coprinus
. Spore concentrations of most analysed airborne fungal taxa were positively associated with air temperature and/or negatively associated with relative air humidity either throughout the year or only in summer.
Cladosporium
spore concentration was positively related with the wind speed, whereas the association between
Ganoderma
spore concentration and wind speed was negative. Spores of
Leptosphaeria
showed significant positive association with relative air humidity and significant negative association with sunshine duration in summer. Knowledge of seasonal patterns of the type and number of spores in the air will provide clinicians and sufferers of allergic asthma and rhinitis as well as agronomists with valuable information on the prophylaxis of respiratory allergic and plant diseases, respectively.
Anaerobic technology has a wide scope of application in different areas such as manufacturing, food industry, and agriculture. Nowadays, it is mainly used to produce electrical and thermal energy ...from crop processing, solid waste treatment or wastewater treatment. More intensively, trend nowadays is usage of this technology biodegradable and biomass waste processing and biomethane or hydrogen production. In this paper, the diversities of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) under different imputed raw material to the bioreactors were characterized. These diversities at the beginning of sampling and after cultivation were compared.
Desulfovibrio, Desulfobulbus
, and
Desulfomicrobium
genus as dominant among sulfate reducers in the bioreactors were detected. The
Desulfobulbus
species were dominant among other SRB genera before cultivation, but these bacteria were detected only in three out of the seven bioreactors after cultivation dominant.
In this paper, we introduce the notion of distributional chaos and the measure of chaos for random dynamical systems generated by two interval maps. We give some sufficient conditions for a zero ...measure of chaos and examples of chaotic systems. We demonstrate that the chaoticity of the functions that generate a system does not, in general, affect the chaoticity of the system, i.e. a chaotic system can arise from two nonchaotic functions and vice versa. Finally, we show that distributional chaos for random dynamical system is, in some sense, unstable.
The intensity of birch pollen season is expressed by seasonal pollen integral (SPIn, the sum of the mean daily pollen concentration during the birch pollination period) and the amount of Bet v 1 ...allergen released per birch pollen grain expressed by pollen allergen potency (PAP).
Betula
pollen and Bet v 1 allergen were simultaneously measured in the air of Bratislava from 2019 to 2022 by using two Burkard traps (Hirst-type and cyclone) in order to evaluate the causes of the seasonal variation in the SPIn and PAP levels. The highest SPIn (19,975 pollen/m
3
) was observed in 2022 and the lowest one (1484 pollen/m
3
) in 2021. The average daily PAP level (4.0 pg Bet v 1/pollen) was highest in 2019 and lowest (2.5 pg Bet v 1/pollen) in 2020. We found that seasonal variation in SPIn was associated mainly with the changes in environmental conditions during the pre-season period, whereas the year-to-year variation in PAP levels was attributed to environmental conditions during both pre- and in-season periods. Our results indicate that rainy weather in June 2020 and cold overcast weather in January‒February 2021 resulted in low SPIn in 2021. On the other hand, dry weather in June 2021 and warm weather in January‒February 2022 resulted in high SPIn in 2022. The low average daily PAP level in 2020 was associated with (1) low levels of gaseous air pollutants in March, when the ripening of pollen takes place; (2) an earlier start of the birch main pollen season (MPS); and (3) dry weather during the MPS. On the other hand, high PAP level in 2019 was associated with higher levels of air pollutants in March and during the MPS.
The subject of the article is a physical-mechanical analysis of waterproofing materials exposed to an external environment. Physical and mechanical properties have a direct impact on the life of ...waterproofing materials and their later remediation. In the introduction, the factors influencing the properties of waterproofing materials are presented. The main part of the article covers the basic possibilities of testing the materials testing the materials, normative testing conditions, and critical aspects of their implementation. In this article we deal with the laboratory testing of a waterproofing membrane based on PVC-P in terms of its degradation from UV radiation, humidity, and the temperature.
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