Članak se bavi modalnim glagolom shall u engleskom pravnom diskurzu. Analiza teoretskih i matrijalnih podataka pokazuje da shall ima niz semantičkih funkcija u pravnim tekstovima koje su u sukobu s ...glavnim zahtijevima pri sastavljanja dokumenata – jasnoćom, preciznošću, izostankom dvoznačnosti. Za laike su zakonske odredbe koje sadrže višeznačne leksičke jedinice i gramatičke konstrukcije nejasne te je njihova poraba nespojiva s glavnim temeljima vladavine prava – pravu na pristup pravnim informacijama za sve građane, a ne samo za pravne stručnjake. Nadalje, višeznačnost jezičnij jedinica predstvalja poteškoće za pravne prevoditelje jer trebaju posjedovati veliko pravno znanje kako bi prikladno preveli namjere zakonodavaca. U članku se razmatra tri pristupa u zakonodavnoj praksi glede uporabe glagola shall u pravnim dokumentima: ograničenje značenja glagola na samo jedno značenje, njegovo izbjegavanje te uporaba svih njegovih značenja. Analiza je pokazala da se glagol shall može zamijeniti drugim, manje višeznačnim modalnim izrazima – may, must, should i be to.
The article analyses the role of the addressee as a factor determining discourses of legal professionals. The important role of this factor makes it necessary to account for the effect of the ...addressee on discourse production, identify linguistic and cognitive mechanisms optimizing communicative interaction of the addresser and the addressee in the courtroom. The focus on the addressee, addressee’s phenomenological experience and knowledge makes legal discursive practices dialogical, and intensifies their interactive characteristics. Special attention is paid to the linguistic cognitive mechanism “transition from the term to the notion” which allows for formation of the shared interpretation context when professionals interact with lay persons in the courtroom setting. Clarity of judicial speeches depends on the ability of the speaker to switch from the professional code to the language of lay people, define legal terms through lay concepts. The novelty of the research is due to the choice of the research trajectory which is based on the issue of the addressee for producing courtroom discourses. The article concludes that the perlocutionary effect of the communication depends on the ability of the speaker to accommodate to lay participants, to the knowledge and expectations of the lay audience.
Dualism of Courtroom Discourses Krapivkina, Olga; Druzhinina, Nina; Sinyova, Yulia
SHS web of conferences,
2018, Letnik:
50
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The article describes courtroom discourses as dueling constructs of reality. The purpose of the research is to identify and analyze linguistic and discursive means used to create opposing ...representations of the same criminal events and the same identities of key trial actors (defendants, victims, jurors and lawyers). The novelty of the article is due to the study of courtroom discourse through the category of dualism. The difference between the prosecution and the defense closing arguments is the types of narratives they focus on. Closing arguments allow lawyers to present their topics, narratives, arguments, and selves to the jury members. They strive to be persuasive, informative, and authoritative. Lawyers are able to achieve all of these things through focusing and de-focusing information. Focusing and de-focusing occur at the linguistic level and through discursive choices. Speakers’ linguistic selections de-focus certain properties of the referent, but they also highlight or focus other properties. The article concludes that lawyers use many strategies in their closing arguments, but they always control what versions of reality are available to the jury members using a large variety of linguistic means. These means help them de-focus on harmful information and focus on topics that benefit their case.
Modern linguistics equally uses notion and term definitions. Very often even scientists do not differentiate these phenomena using them as synonyms. Moreover, even dictionaries treat them as ...synonyms. The authors of the article try to distinguish these entities. According to the pioneer paper of A.M. Kaplunenko “Concept – Notion – Term: evolution of semiotic entities in the context of discursive practices” it is possible to make an attempt to prove their difference. Within Discourse of Consensus, participants use notions with limited scope and content constructing the interpretation vector on the basis of key characteristic features of the notion. Under umbrella of Discourse of Expert Community terms system is formed. The duality of these entities brings them into constant dynamics where knowledge may develop from the notion to the term as well as from the term to the notion.
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