We present the first demonstration of frequency conversion by simultaneous second- and third-harmonic generation in a silicon photonic crystal nanocavity using continuous-wave optical excitation. We ...observe a bright dual wavelength emission in the blue/green (450-525 nm) and red (675-790 nm) visible windows with pump powers as low as few microwatts in the telecom bands, with conversion efficiencies of ∼ 10 (-5) /W and ∼ 10/ W(2) for the second- and third-harmonic, respectively. Scaling behaviors as a function of pump power and cavity quality-factor are demonstrated for both second- and third order processes. Successful comparison of measured and calculated emission patterns indicates that third-harmonic is a bulk effect while second-harmonic is a surface-related effect at the sidewall holes boundaries. Our results are promising for obtaining practical low-power, continuous-wave and widely tunable multiple harmonic generation on a silicon chip.
Aims. In the framework of the multi-wavelength and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) monitoring program TANAMI (Tracking Active Nuclei with Austral Milliarcsecond Interferometry), we study the ...evolution of the parsec-scale radio emission in radio galaxies in the southern hemisphere and their relationship to the γ-ray properties of the sources. Our study investigates systematically, for the first time, the relationship between the two energy regimes in radio galaxies. In this first paper, we focus on Fermi-LAT-detected sources. Methods. The TANAMI program monitors a large sample of radio-loud AGN at 8.4 GHz and 22.3 GHz with the Australian long baseline array (LBA) and associated telescopes in Antarctica, Chile, New Zealand and South Africa. We performed a kinematic analysis for five γ-ray detected radio galaxies using multi-epoch 8.4 GHz VLBI images, deriving limits on intrinsic jet parameters such as speed and viewing angle. We analyzed 103 months of Fermi-LAT data in order to study possible connections between the γ-ray properties and the pc-scale jets of Fermi-LAT-detected radio galaxies, both in terms of variability and average properties. We discuss the individual source results and draw preliminary conclusions on sample properties including published VLBI results from the MOJAVE (Monitoring Of Jets in Active galactic nuclei with VLBA Experiments) survey, with a total of fifteen sources. Results. We find that the first γ-ray detection of Pictor A might be associated with the passage of a new VLBI component through the radio core, which appears to be a defining feature of high-energy emitting Fanaroff-Riley type II radio galaxies. We detect subluminal parsec-scale jet motions in the peculiar AGN PKS 0521−36, and we confirm the presence of fast γ-ray variability in the source down to timescales of six hours, which is not accompanied by variations in the VLBI jet. We robustly confirm the presence of significant superluminal motion, up to βapp ∼ 3, in the jet of the TeV radio galaxy PKS 0625−35. Our VLBI results constrain the jet viewing angle to be θ < 53°, allowing for the possibility of a closely aligned jet. Finally, by analyzing the first pc-scale multi-epoch images of the prototypical compact symmetric object (CSO) PKS 1718−649, we place an upper limit on the separation speed between the two mini-lobes. This in turn allows us to derive a lower limit on the age of the source. Conclusions. We can draw some preliminary conclusions on the relationship between pc-scale jets and γ-ray emission in radio galaxies, based on Fermi-LAT-detected sources with available multi-epoch VLBI measurements. We find that the VLBI core flux density correlates with the γ-ray flux, as seen in blazars. On the other hand, the γ-ray luminosity does not show any dependence on the core brightness temperature and core dominance, which are two common indicators of jet Doppler boosting. This seems to indicate that γ-ray emission in radio galaxies is not driven by orientation-dependent effects, as in blazars, in accordance with the unified model of jetted AGN.
SUMMARY
A remarkably well preserved representation of a deeply eroded Palaeozoic orogen is found in the Scandinavian Caledonides, formed by the collision of the two palaeocontinents Baltica and ...Laurentia. Today, after 400 Ma of erosion along with uplift and extension during the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean, the geological structures in central western Sweden comprise far transported allochthonous units, the underlying Precambrian crystalline basement, and a shallow west-dipping décollement that separates the two and is associated with a thin layer of Cambrian black shales. These structures, in particular the Seve Nappes (upper part of the Middle Allochthons), the Lower Allochthons and the highly reflective basement are the target of the two approximately 2.5 km deep fully cored scientific boreholes in central Sweden that are part of the project COSC (Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides). Thus, a continuous 5 km tectonostratigraphic profile through the Caledonian nappes into Baltica’s basement will be recovered. The first borehole, COSC-1, was successfully drilled in 2014 and revealed a thick section of the seismically highly reflective Lower Seve Nappe. The Seve Nappe Complex, mainly consisting of felsic gneisses and mafic amphibolites, appears to be highly anisotropic. To allow for extrapolation of findings from core analysis and downhole logging to the structures around the borehole, several surface and borehole seismic experiments were conducted. Here, we use three long offset surface seismic profiles that are centred on the borehole COSC-1 to image the structures in the vicinity of the borehole and below it. We applied Kirchhoff pre-stack depth migration, taking into account the seismic anisotropy in the Seve Nappe Complex. We calculated Green’s functions using an anisotropic eikonal solver for a VTI (transversely isotropic with vertical axis of symmetry) velocity model, which was previously derived by the analysis of VSP (Vertical Seismic Profile) and surface seismic data. We show, that the anisotropic results are superior to the corresponding isotropic depth migration. The reflections appear significantly more continuous and better focused. The depth imaging of the long offset profiles provides a link between a high-resolution 3-D data set and the regional scale 2-D COSC Seismic Profile and complements these data sets, especially in the deeper parts below the borehole. However, many of the reflective structures can be observed in the different data sets. Most of the dominant reflections imaged originate below the bottom of the borehole and are situated within the Precambrian basement or at the transition zones between Middle and Lower Allochthons and the basement. The origin of the deeper reflections remains enigmatic, possibly representing dolerite intrusions or deformation zones of Caledonian or pre-Caledonian age.
Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, the curricular courses at faculties of medicine had to be digitalized within a short time. This poses a particular challenge regarding the teaching of practical ...skills.
To determine to what extent practical skills can be learned within the framework of a fully digitally implemented ENT mirror examination, the minimum number of teaching units (UE) required for competent execution, and the difficulty of the various examinations were identified.
During a period of 5 days of their ENT block internship, a total of 146 students learned six ENT mirror examinations in daily videoconferences. A subgroup (n = 48) was assessed formatively each day and the increase in performance was statistically analysed over the 5 days. On the fifth day, exams were carried out with the entire cohort.
Over the course of the 5 days, a significant increase in performance was observed in the various examinations. Based on the evaluation of the increase in performance in the subsections, examinations could also be classified as "simple" and "difficult." Peak performance according to competence level 3a of the Nationaler Kompetenzorientierter Lernzielkatalog Medizin (NKLM) was achieved on day 4 after 5 UE had been completed.
Practical skills can also be acquired through digital courses. Limitations result from the quality of the examination instruments and the diagnostic findings. Additionally, economical curriculum planning can be achieved by a suitable weighting of the focus of the examination.
The reflection of light from moving boundaries is of interest both fundamentally and for applications in frequency conversion, but typically requires high pump power. By using a dispersion-engineered ...silicon photonic crystal waveguide, we are able to achieve a propagating free carrier front with only a moderate on-chip peak power of 6 W in a 6 ps-long pump pulse. We employ an intraband indirect photonic transition of a co-propagating probe, whereby the probe practically escapes from the front in the forward direction. This forward reflection has up to 35% efficiency and it is accompanied by a strong frequency upshift, which significantly exceeds that expected from the refractive index change and which is a function of group velocity, waveguide dispersion and pump power. Pump, probe and shifted probe all are around 1.5 µm wavelength which opens new possibilities for "on-chip" frequency manipulation and all-optical switching in optical telecommunications.
Silicon has long been established as the material of choice for the microelectronics industry. This is not yet true in photonics, where the limited degrees of freedom in material design combined with ...the indirect bandgap are a major constraint. Recent developments, especially those enabled by nanoscale engineering of the electronic and photonic properties, are starting to change the picture, and some silicon nanostructures now approach or even exceed the performance of equivalent direct-bandgap materials. Focusing on two application areas, namely communications and photovoltaics, we review recent progress in silicon nanocrystals, nanowires and photonic crystals as key examples of functional nanostructures. We assess the state of the art in each field and highlight the challenges that need to be overcome to make silicon a truly high-performing photonic material.
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