We investigate products of finite abelian groups of bounded exponent as profinite structures in the sense of Newelski. In such groups we describe orbits under the action of the standard structural ...group of automorphisms. Then we conclude that such groups are small,
m-normal and
m-stable. Let
X be a product of countably many finite abelian groups. We also investigate the influence of modifications of the standard structural group of
X on its smallness,
m-normality and
m-stability.
For most of the last glacial period, which ended about 10kaBP21kaBP=1000 years before present. All ages given are in radiocarbon years, and differ from calendar years. See text for details.2, the ...temperate forest species were restricted to small areas (termed refugia) with a milder climate, situated mostly along the Mediterranean borderlands and around the Black Sea. Species only started to expand from these glacial period refugia with the large-scale shifts in the global climate in the late-glacial (15–10kaBP) and the beginning of the Holocene period (10kaBP to present).
Fossil pollen data from sites across Europe have been used to reconstruct the location of refugia of the deciduous oak species, and the spread from these refugia into their current ranges. Three areas of southern Europe have been identified as refugia for deciduous Quercus: southern Iberian peninsula, southern Italian peninsula and the southern Balkan peninsula.
The spread of Quercus took place in two steps. First, in the late-glacial interstadial (13–11kaBP) Quercus spread to the central European mountains from these refugia. Second, with the stabilisation of a climate favourable to deciduous trees species in the Holocene, oak spread into northern Europe, rapidly into the north–west, and more slowly into the centre and east, due to physical barriers. The earlier distribution changes are strongly correlated with the shifts in climate, whereas the later changes are most strongly controlled by competition between species, landscape topography and other edaphic factors. By approximately 6kaBP, the deciduous oak had reached its maximum extension in Europe.
Two types of refugia have been identified from the observed range expansion: primary, full glacial refugia; and secondary, temporary refugia, which supported populations of the oak during the short, climatically unfavourable late-glacial stadial.
The specific markers of platelet activation, e.g. platelet aggregation induced with ADP, AA and PAF as well as the levels of Beta-TG, TXB2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and cyclic AMP in the patients suffering ...from obliterative arteriosclerosis of the lower limbs were measured. It was found that these patients revealed hyperfunction of blood platelets expressed in increased sensitivity of platelets to ADP and PAF, increased levels of Beta-TG and TXB2 as well as decreased levels of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and cyclic AMP. Obtained results support the concept that atherosclerosis consists of a wide-spread functional alteration of various types of cells.
We examined expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAP) kinase (ERK1 and ERK2) and tyrosine phosphorylation in 19 patients (aged ...58-90 years; mean 75) who died 1-44 days after acute ischaemic stroke. In the grey matter penumbra, 13 of 19 patients showed an increase in MAP kinase tyrosine phosphorylation (ERK1; 2.0- to 8-fold, ERK2; 2.2- to 11-fold) compared with normal contralateral tissue. In almost all cases, ERK-2 phosphorylation was higher than ERK1. Of these 13 patients, 11 also showed a general increase in tyrosine kinase phosphorylation, and eight expressed increased levels of VEGF protein (2.5- to 5-fold). In tissue examined directly from the infarct core, activation of the above proteins was not observed in the, majority of patients. In the white matter, seven of 19 patients (penumbra), and nine of 19 patients (stroke) had an increase in MAP kinase tyrosine phosphorylation (ERK1; 2.0- to 4.6-fold and ERK-2; 2.3- to 5.4-fold respectively) compared with normal contralateral tissue. There was no relationship between activation of MAP kinase and expression of VEGF. Examination of phosphorylated MAP kinase by immunohistochemistry revealed an increase in immunoreactivity in neurones, astroglial cells, reactive microglia and endothelial cells in areas surrounding infarcts, especially in areas with the highest density of microvessels. In conclusion, chronic activation of tyrosine phosphorylated events, in particular redistribution and phosphorylation of MAP kinase (ERK1/ERK2) occurs consistently in the grey matter penumbra of brain tissue following ischaemic stroke, and may be associated with increase in expression of VEGF. These signal transduction events could be important determinants of the extent of neuronal survival and/or angiogenic activity in the recovering brain tissue.
This study identified the strategies that mothers employed while they were engaged in an animal categorization activity with their preschool children, examined the verbal behavior of the preschool ...children, and determined the relationship between the maternal strategies and the preschoolers' verbalizations during the interaction. The results revealed that mothers' strategy use varied according to the type of information being taught. For example, when sorting the animals, mothers asked labeling and perceptual questions. In contrast, when clustering or grouping the animals, mothers asked questions about the similarities and differences among the grouped animals. These strategies were differentially linked to the preschoolers' verbalizations as well. That is, maternal use of perceptual questions was positively related to the preschoolers' verbal responses, but negatively related to their independent elaborations. On the other hand, during the clustering phase, maternal contrasting information questions were positively linked to the preschoolers' verbal responses and negatively linked to their independent elaborations. Education implications, as well as implications for the social facilitation of preschool categorization abilities, are discussed.
Antithrombotic effects of molsidomine, isosorbide dinitrate and verapamil obtained from the Casela Riedel Pharma GmbH, Frankfurt/Main, Germany have been studied in the laser-induced rat thrombosis ...model. The investigations were carried out on male Wistar rats weighing 200-300 g. Thrombus formation was induced in small mesenteric arteries--25-35 microns diameter using argon laser. An interference contrast system based on a Leitz Orthoplan microscope for the evaluation of thrombus formation was used. The number of laser injuries needed to induce a defined thrombus proved to be a useful way to quantitate the results in this thrombosis model. All agents showed dose dependent antithrombotic effect in our laser model. Molsidomine and verapamil inhibited 30 min after single i.v. injection in minimal dose 1 mg/kg and in dose 5 mg/kg 2 hours after oral administration thrombus formation in small mesenteric arteries. Isosorbide dinitrate in higher doses: 10 mg/kg 30 min after i.v. injection and 20 mg/kg after oral feeding showed significant antithrombotic effect. Antithrombotic effect of administration of minimal effective doses of all agents lasted longer than 4 hours but less than 6 hours. All drugs in effective antithrombotic doses after intravenous injection showed also inhibitory effect on rat platelet adhesion to the siliconized glass and bovine subendothelial extracellular matrix.
Antithrombotic effects of two glycosaminoglycans: LMWH-Fraxiparin (Sanofi) and UFH Heparinum (Polfa) have been studied in the laser-induced rat thrombosis model. The investigations were carried out ...on male Wistar rats. Thrombus formation was induced in small mesenteric venules 25-30 microns in diameter using argon laser. An interference contrast system based on a Leitz Orthoplan microscope was used for the evaluation of thrombus formation. The number of laser injuries needed to induce a defined thrombus proved to be a useful way to quantitate the results in this thrombosis model. Fraxiparin and UFH showed doses dependent antithrombotic effect in the laser model. Fraxiparin in minimal dose 16 aXa/kg and UFH in minimal dose 15 IU/kg 30 min after i.v. injection to the rats markedly inhibited thrombus formation in small mesenteric venules. Antithrombotic effect of the administration of minimal effective doses of both glycosaminoglycans lasted longer than 4 hours but less than 6 hours. Protamine injected in a dose 1 ml per 5000 U/heparin neutralized anticoagulant activity of both heparins in rat plasma but did not inhibit the antithrombotic effect in laser thrombosis model. After the injection of protamine antithrombotic effect of the investigated glycosaminoglycans was weaker but still observed. Further studies are needed to clarify the factors which are responsible for the antithrombotic effect of heparins after neutralization of their anticoagulant activity (inhibition factors: IIa and Xa).
The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of long term intravenous administration of naftidrofuryl (Dusodril-Lipha Arzn) twice daily in a dose of 200 mg in continuous, 4-hour ...infusion in 500 ml 0.9% NaCl to the patients suffering from a peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) in a clinical condition with special attention paid to transcutaneous partial oxygen pressure measurements (tcPO2) and rheographic parameters. Also the effect of treatment with naftidrofuryl on the platelet adhesion to the bovine extracellular matrix, the leukocyte adhesion to nylon fibres, and the number of platelet-leukocyte aggregates has been studied. We have found that after the naftidrofuryl treatment tcPO2 significantly increased from 38.5 +/- 0.8 mm Hg to 54.6 +/- 11.5 mm Hg, and the impedance plethysmography indexes, such as the height of the rheographic wave, the area of the rheographic wave and the rheographic index were also slightly increased. The leukocyte adherence to nylon fibres, the platelet adhesion to the extracellular matrix and the total number of platelet-leukocyte aggregates were significantly reduced after the treatment with Dusodril. On the basis of this study it seems that the observed influence of naftidrofuryl on leukocyte function in patients with PAOD is an additional mode of action of this drug that can be of new clinical value in the treatment of patients with a peripheral occlusive arterial disease. It seems that tcPO2 measurements in ischaemic legs can be recommended as a very sensitive method of monitoring the efficacy of vasoactive drugs in patients with PAOD.
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