The author analyzed excerpts from the chronicles, travelogues and reports mentioning bura and its effects. This wind became ill reputed primarily because of its ferocity and the cold it carries with ...it, but on the other hand it purified the air and brought clear weather. According to descriptive sources, bura has a negative impact on a range of human activities: movement and farming, warfare (land and maritime), transport, and construction as well. In a number of cases, this wind aided the defenders by dispersing enemy naval forces. Due to geographical location, surroundings of Senj, Pag, Klis, Makarska, and Kvarner Bay, also the Velebit and Brac channels, as well the Field of Sinj in the interior are particularly exposed to the stormy blowing of bura.
The author analyzed excerpts from the chronicles, travelogues and reports mentioning bura and its effects. This wind became ill reputed primarily because of its ferocity and the cold it carries with ...it, but on the other hand it purified the air and brought clear weather. According to descriptive sources, bura has a negative impact on a range of human activities: movement and farming, warfare (land and maritime), transport, and construction as well. In a number of cases, this wind aided the defenders by dispersing enemy naval forces. Due to geographical location, surroundings of Senj, Pag, Klis, Makarska, and Kvarner Bay, also the Velebit and Brač channels, as well the Field of Sinj in the interior are particularly exposed to the stormy blowing of bura.
The author proves the existence of four lakes on a Mercator's map from AD 1593. In thefirst part he explains the genesis of the map. The causes why the lakes disappeared and when it happened were ...adduced in the second part of the paper.
Based on data gathered from the monastery chronicles the author points out the effects of the Laki eruption in 1783. This study proves that the sulphurous fog in Croatia had no direct consequences, ...but the aerosol caused weather anomalies during the next three years.
The author analyzed the excerpts from the 15th to 17th c. travelogues of European travelers, which mention forest or vegetation shroud on thirty-five Adriatic islands. The texts gave us a picture of ...the state of vegetation ranging from scarce vegetation to pastures, underbrush to high forests, including park surfaces. The real forests were found only on the islands of Cres, Lošinj and Korčula, while the remaining areas were underbrush and shrubbery. The plant species listed here were holm oak and pine, as well as evergreen shrub strawberry tree, myrtle wood and turpentine tree. The reasons for such vegetation are also explained.
By surface area Jabuka is one of the smallest islands in the Adriatic Sea. It was noted for the first time in nautical charts at the beginning of the 14th century, and due to its recognizable shape ...mapped by almost all portolan and nautical chart makers. Its initial Venetian name was Mellisella, followed by Pomo. There are 34 different descriptions of Jabuka Island written by travelers during their voyages across the Adriatic Sea from 14th to 17th century analysed included in this paper. The most common of all the features attributed to the island were that it was high, peaked, and rocky. There were, however, more imaginative ones, like comparisons with Egyptian pyramids. The travelers also described the hunt for falcons that nested there, the accounts which they obtained from ship crew members. This paper also analyses the oldest known illustration of Jabuka Island made in 1684 by Dutchman de Bruyn, published in 1698.
Pilgrims from the Iberian Peninsula, from the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal, were an indispensable part of European pilgrimages from Venice to Palestine from the very beginning ...of travels to the Holy Land (a total of 85 persons have been recorded from the lands of the Spanish Crown and 68 of those have been identified; 60 of them came from Portugal, 32 of them known by name). This is evidenced by Venetian state and chronicler records, but above all by the relatively numerous travelogues (6 Spanish and 3 Portuguese authors have been analyzed). Motivated by deep and sincere religious feelings, of which one finds confirmation in their writings as well as in general biographies, they set out from all parts of their countries on this expensive, tiresome, and too often perilous sea voyage. Very similar to the German or French pilgrims, they came from all walks of life, but persons from ecclesiastical circles prevailed from the mid-16th century. Somewhat surprising is the large number of women, which generally differs from the situation in other ethnic groups. Due to their choice of Venice as the port of departure, they had to sail along the Croatian Adriatic coast. Some, however, used new geographical discoveries and came to Jerusalem from the east, visiting the Adriatic cities only on their return. Depending on the type of vessel (galley or one of the proper sailing ships – cocca, nave, or galleon) and the official or business tasks of the ship owner, they docked in various ports from Poreč to Dubrovnik. And while members of the nobility recorded secular curiosities, with a noticeable liking for “miracles”, the clergy placed considerable emphasis on the religious situation. In this respect, what united them was their surprise at the encounter with Glagolitic liturgy (the question is what impressed them more – the Mass in Zadar or the singing in Jerusalem). St Jerome was recognized as a strong link between his native Dalmatia and the distant Iberian lands. The political reality was quite astutely perceived and the pilgrims knew about all various changes – the attitude of Dubrovnik towards the Holy Roman Empire, the Venetian territories from Istria to Boka, and the intolerance between Venice and the Dubrovnik Republic – but the political Croatia escaped their observations.
U radu
su prikazani hodočasnici iz Španjolske, odnosno njezinih nekadašnjih
kraljevstava Kastilje, Aragonije, Navare, te Portugala koji su prošli hrvatskim
krajevima i gradovima na Jadranu tijekom ...plovidbe u Svetu zemlju. Kratko su
prikazana politička i vjerska zbivanja na tom prostoru te stavljena u
korelaciju s istovjetnim fenomenom u ostatku Europe. Opisani su njihovi motivi
za odlazak, staleška pripadnost te doživljaji tijekom putovanja. Osim
geografskih i političkih specifičnosti, koje su najviše utjecale na njihovu
brojnost, primjetna je niska zastupljenost građanstva. Relativno dobru
zastupljenost pisanih svjedočanstava ne prati razmjeran broj kontakata s
osobama iz hrvatskih krajeva, a od toga odstupaju pripadnici franjevačkoga reda
glede pojedinih zaslužnih članova zajednice u Jeruzalemu. Ukupan dojam govori
da su španjolski i portugalski hodočasnički zapisi u usporedbi s djelima drugih
hodočasnika kasnoga srednjeg vijeka i ranoga novog doba najviše usmjereni na
Jeruzalem i ostala sveta mjesta, pa su tranzitni krajevi ostali zakinuti u
tekstovima.
Pilgrims from the Iberian Peninsula, from the kingdoms
of Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal, were an indispensable part of
European pilgrimages from Venice to Palestine from the very beginning of
travels to the Holy Land (a total of 85 persons have been recorded from the
lands of the Spanish Crown and 68 of those have been identified; 60 of them
came from Portugal, 32 of them known by name). This is evidenced by Venetian
state and chronicler records, but above all by the relatively numerous
travelogues (6 Spanish and 3 Portuguese authors have been analyzed). Motivated
by deep and sincere religious feelings, of which one finds confirmation in
their writings as well as in general biographies, they set out from all parts
of their countries on this expensive, tiresome, and too often perilous sea
voyage. Very similar to the German or French pilgrims, they came from all walks
of life, but persons from ecclesiastical circles prevailed from the mid-16th
century. Somewhat surprising is the large number of women, which generally
differs from the situation in other ethnic groups. Due to their choice of
Venice as the port of departure, they had to sail along the Croatian Adriatic
coast. Some, however, used new geographical discoveries and came to Jerusalem
from the east, visiting the Adriatic cities only on their return. Depending on
the type of vessel (galley or one of the proper sailing ships –
koka
,
nava
, or
galijun
) and the
official or business tasks of the ship owner, they docked in various ports from
Poreč to Dubrovnik. And while members of the nobility recorded secular curiosities,
with a noticeable liking for “miracles”, the clergy placed considerable
emphasis on the religious situation. In this respect, what united them was their
surprise at the encounter with Glagolitic liturgy (the question is what
impressed them more – the Mass in Zadar or the singing in Jerusalem). St Jerome
was recognized as a strong link between his native Dalmatia and the distant
Iberian lands. The political reality was quite astutely perceived and the
pilgrims knew about all various changes – the attitude of Dubrovnik towards the
Holy Roman Empire, the Venetian territories from Istria to Boka, and the
intolerance between Venice and the Dubrovnik Republic – but the political
Croatia escaped their observations. The rise of the Ottoman Empire as a deadly threat to
the Christian world, which they were also aware of in their own homeland, became
evident to them in the Adriatic. There are two realistic accounts, albeit
contradictory, of Dubrovnik’s military prowess and its reliance on the power of
Spain. As for the other cities, Pula seems to have been especially interesting
to them due to its monumental ancient monuments (the amphitheatre and the theatre),
where the pilgrims recalled various characters from stories and books whose
themes were pan-European and present also with the Germans, the French, and
others. But they also experienced the dark images of decay in the city. Contacts
with the Croatian folk and individuals were not numerous, but the travellers
remained impressed by the exceptional hospitality of the poor inhabitants of
Ilovik, as well as the knowledge and skills of Croatian sailors, among whom
Petar Fazanić from Hvar excelled. One should also mention an impressive account
of the activities of Fr Boniface of Lopud, a multiple custodian of Jerusalem,
for which his Franciscan brethren were credited, an opinion that our pilgrims
shared with those from other countries. As is only to be expected, Spanish and
Portuguese travelogue writers also left numerous notes on the weather
conditions in the Adriatic. This paper ends with the outbreak of the Candian
War (1645), which roughly coincides with the end of the Thirty Years’ War
(1648). These two armed conflicts marked the final demise of the Venetian
Republic and pushed Spain and Portugal in the background, while at the same
time pilgrimages became more of a private matter and travelling to the Levant
(and incidentally to Palestine) was completely secularized, acquiring adventurous
or scientific features.
U radu su analizirani tekstovi židovskih hodočasnika koji su u razdoblju od prve polovice 15. do druge polovice 16. st. prošli hrvatskom obalom Jadrana na putu u Erec Izrael. Obrađeni su motivi ...putovanja, imovinsko stanje i zanimanje te odnos sredine u kojoj su boravili kao pripadnici talijanske zajednice aškenaza. Ujedno su komparirani svi karakteristični sadržajni elementi tekstova s putopisima napisanima od strane kršćanskih hodočasnika kako bi se uočile sličnosti i razlike.
U radu je analizirana autobiografija hrvatskog plemića Andrije Kuželja, rodom Lapića nastala krajem 15. stoljeća. Prikazane su okolnosti njegova odlaska u Austriju, njegova karijera, stjecanje ...posjeda, razvoj obitelji u muškoj i ženskoj lozi i njezino izumrće u posljednjem muškom potomku. Posebno je istaknuta njegova lojalnost prema Habsburgovcima, što mu je i olakšalo društveni uspon. Analizirana je razina svijesti o etničkom podrijetlu, a na kraju je prikazan njegov put u Rim i Napulj 1452., gdje je sudjelovao na krunidbi cara Fridrika III.
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