3D ICs, a novel technology, might significantly impact multicore NoCs with hundreds or thousands of processing components on a single chip. Multiple 2D chips can be stacked vertically to create ...multiple active processing elements at various levels. Adding active device layers to 3D ICs can enhance system performance, increase functionality, and increase packing density. New architectural and IC technology advancements hinder energy-efficient design research. Achieving a balance between chip power and performance is crucial. This paper describes the “Dynamic Low Power Management Method in 3DWiNoC” (DLPM 3DWiNoC) architecture, which enables self-organized, centrally managed service management using Smart Master Agents. The approach utilizes SMA's ODA DD module for self-organized, centrally managed service management. To improve power regulation, data flow across vertical interconnects (TSVs) is reconfigured based on a dynamic evaluation of channel link use. SMA aims to reduce congestion by increasing connection utilization through high-frequency, bi-directional vertical channels via TSVs. The suggested system is modeled in MATLAB Simulink. Compared to 3D stacking, TSV stacking of vertical interconnects with the SMA method ensures low parasitic (latency and power) and higher bandwidth with higher vertical wire densities. Experimental results show that the proposed architecture decreases area overhead by 5%-7%, network latency by 12%-15%, and NoC power consumption by 15%-20% compared to the present multi-NoC design.
Systems-on-chips need numerous predesigned cores to advance. NoC enables Multi-Core SoCs (MC_SoCs). Conventional NoC cores use power and latency on multi-hop wired connections. An effective Wireless ...Network-on-Chip (WiNoC) architecture can overcome NoC difficulties. On-chip antennas, transceivers, and routers replace multi-hop cable connections with high-bandwidth single-hop wireless networks using WiNoC. Nanotechnology development demands fast data transfer to overcome performance bottlenecks from sharing memory modules and connecting fabrics. This research offers a new Proactive Flow control using Adaptive Beam formation for Smart Intra-layer Data Communication technique(PF_SDC) to optimally use network resources and assure QoS in Wireless Network-on-Chip for next-generation nano-domain technology. Hybrid NoC architecture optimises application admission for data transfer over wired and wireless interconnects. Data traffic is managed by a fuzzy inference-based Intelligent Head Agent (IHA). Queue load predicts router status for the fittest path selection. IHA initiates beams at angles to admit data flow towards the target while utilising the least amount of network power and resources. A simulation model shows that the proposed system may be applied in real-world applications and consumes little power with good throughput.
For the first time, this paper reports a smart museum archive box that features a fully integrated wireless powered temperature and humidity sensor. The smart archive box has been specifically ...developed for microclimate environmental monitoring of stored museum artifacts in cultural heritage applications. The developed sensor does not require a battery and is wirelessly powered using Near Field Communications (NFC). The proposed solution enables a convenient means for wireless sensing with the operator by simply placing a standard smartphone in close proximity to the cardboard archive box. Wireless sensing capability has the advantage of enabling long-term environmental monitoring of the contents of the archive box without having to move and open the box for reading or battery replacement. This contributes to a sustainable preventive conservation strategy and avoids the risk of exposing the contents to the external environment, which may result in degradation of the stored artifacts. In this work, a low-cost and fully integrated NFC sensor has been successfully developed and demonstrated. The developed sensor is capable of wirelessly measuring temperature and relative humidity with a mean error of 0.37 °C and ±0.35%, respectively. The design has also been optimized for low power operation with a measured peak DC power consumption of 900 μW while yielding a 4.5 cm wireless communication range. The power consumption of the NFC sensor is one of the lowest found in the literature. To the author’s knowledge, the NFC sensor proposed in this paper is the first reporting of a smart archive box that is wirelessly powered and uniquely integrated within a cardboard archive box.
Objective: We describe a novel machine-learning based method to estimate total Hemoglobin (Hb) using photoplethysmograms (PPGs) acquired non-invasively. Methods: In a study conducted in Karnataka, ...India, 1583 women (pregnant and non-pregnant) of childbearing age, with Hb values ranging between 1.6 to 14.8 g/dL, had their Hb values estimated using intravenous blood samples and concurrently by a finger sensor custom designed and prototyped for this study. The finger sensor collected PPG signals at four wavelengths: 590 nm, 660 nm, 810 nm, and 940 nm. A novel feature vector was derived from these PPGs. A machine learning model comprising of a two-layer stack of regressors including Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), Ridge, Elastic Net, Adaptive (Ada) Boost and Support Vector Regressors (SVR) was designed and tested. Results: We report a statistically significant Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC) of 0.81 (p < 0.01) between the Hb value estimated by the proposed methodology and gold standard values of Hb, with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 1.353 ± 0.042 g/dL. The performance of the stacked regressor model was significantly better than the performance of individual regressors (low RMSE, and better CC; p < 0.05). Post-hoc analysis showed that including pregnant women in the training data set significantly improved the performance of the algorithm. Conclusion: This article demonstrates the feasibility of a machine learning based non-invasive hemoglobin measurement system, especially for maternal anemia detection. Significance: By developing and demonstrating a machine learning approach on a large data set, we have demonstrated that such an approach could become the basis for a public health screening tool to detect and treat maternal anemia and could supplement global health intervention strategies.
Bio synthesized method has received great attention in recent years due to its capability to design alternative, safer, energy efficient, and less toxic routes towards synthesis. These routes have ...been associated with the rational utilization of various substances in the nanoparticle preparations and synthetic methods. The present work describes the green synthesis of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles from titanium try chloride (TiCl3) solution using Cucurbita pepo seeds extract. The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).
Rapid depletion of fossil fuels and stringent emission regulations compel the scientific community to search for alternative energy sources for the internal combustion engines. Among many alternative ...biofuels, ethanol is getting worldwide attention for compression ignition engine either in the form of partial substitute or complete replacement for diesel fuel. Ethanol fuel has certain undesirable properties like poor flammability limit which results in cold starting issues and higher hydrocarbon emission which restricts their use in compression ignition engine. This issue can be easily overcome by preheating of ethanol fuel before it gets admitted inside the engine cylinder. In the present study, a standard preheating device is designed and fabricated in accordance with engine specifications and simulations were carried out under various operating conditions to evaluate its performance. Furthermore, experimental investigations were carried out in a compression ignition engine fueled with ethanol blends of 20 and 30% with diesel by volume and the fuel blends were preheated using burned exhaust gases. In addition, a comparative study has been carried out for preheated and non-preheated blends of E20 (20% of ethanol and 80% of diesel) and E30 with baseline diesel. The experimental results show that the preheated E20 (20% of ethanol and 80% of diesel) blend has higher brake thermal efficiency of 36.28% with a significant reduction in brake specific fuel consumption when compared with all the other blends. Moreover, the preheated E20 blend reduces the carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon and smoke emissions by 49, 48 and 10%, respectively. However, the NOx emission is increased by 6% as compared to the non-preheating effect. It is also noted that the preheating of ethanol blends produced better combustion results with a significant reduction in the ignition delay period. Hence, it can be concluded that the ethanol fuel can be effectively used in a diesel engine by means of preheating using exhaust gases and could be a viable option for diesel engine applications.
Due to relentless production and disposal of nano zinc oxide (nZnO), it has become critical to comprehend the serious risks large-scale accumulation of nZnO pose to bacterial communities in soil. The ...primary objective was to evaluate the changes in bacterial community structure and associated functional pathways through predictive metagenomic profiling and subsequent validation through Quantitative Realtime PCR in soil spiked with nZnO (0, 50, 200, 500 and 1000 mg Zn kg−1) and similar levels of bulk ZnO (bZnO). The results revealed that soil microbial biomass-C, -N, -P, soil respiration and enzyme activities decreased markedly at higher ZnO levels. The alpha diversity decreased with increasing ZnO level, with more impact under nZnO, while beta diversity analyses indicated a distinct dose- dependent separation of bacterial communities. The dominant taxa including Proteobacteria, Bacterioidetes, Acidobacteria and Planctomycetes significantly increased in abundance, while Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi decreased in abundance with elevated nZnO and bZnO levels. Redundancy analysis indicated that changes in bacterial community structure instilled a greater dose- rather than size- specific response on key microbial parameters. Predicted key functions did not show a dose- specific response, and at 1000 mg Zn kg−1, methane metabolism as well as starch and sucrose metabolism were attenuated, while functions involving two component systems and bacterial secretion systems were enhanced under bZnO indicating better stress avoidance mechanism than under nZnO. Realtime PCR and microbial endpoint assays confirmed the metagenome derived taxonomic and functional data, respectively. Taxa and functions that varied substantially under stress were established as bioindicators to predict nZnO toxicity in soils. Taxon-function decoupling indicated that the soil bacterial communities deployed adaptive mechanisms under high ZnO, with lesser buffering capacity and resilience of communities under nZnO.
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•Taxon-function decoupling was the bacterial adaptive strategy under high Zn levels.•Soil bacterial communities under nZnO showed lower resilience.•Soil bacterial communities under bZnO showed better Zn stress avoidance.•Nitrospira, Bryobacter, Sphingomonas and Flavisolibacter were the sentinel taxa.
We have investigated the physicochemical properties such as electrical conductivity, viscosity and diffusion coefficient for the binary mixtures of protic ionic liquids with aprotic ionic liquids and ...of protic with protic ionic liquids at 298.15 K. A significant enhancement in the electrical conductivity is observed for the binary mixtures of ionic liquids, as compared to those of the constituent pure ionic liquids and varied with the composition of the mixtures. The viscosity of binary mixtures of protic with aprotic ionic liquids, 1‑butyl‑3‑methylimidazoliumbis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide bmImNTf2, 1‑butyl‑1‑methylpyrrolidiumbis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide bmPyrrNTf2 and 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methyl sulfate, mmImCH3SO4 decreases with an increase in the composition of the HmImCH3COO. On the contrary, the viscosity for binary mixtures of protic with protic ionic liquid, 1‑methylpyrrolidium acetate HmPyrrCH3COO and 4‑methylmorpholine acetate HmMorphCH3COO increases upon the addition of 1‑methylimidazolium acetate HmImCH3COO. The self diffusion coefficients were determined for all the binary mixtures of ionic liquids by using Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo (PGSE) NMR method. Self diffusion coefficients of bmImNTf2-HmImCH3COO, bmPyrrNTf2-HmImCH3COO, mmImCH3SO4-HmImCH3COO are enhanced, while those of HmPyrrCH3COO-HmImCH3COO and HmMorphCH3COO-HmImCH3COO decreases on addition of HmImCH3COO. This is converse in the case of viscosity. Furthermore, the above correlations were interpreted with the help of NMR spectroscopy on the basis of interactions of ions in the binary mixtures of ionic liquids. Finally, we have quantified the ionicity through the Nernst–Einstein equation and have confirmed the validity of the Walden rule for the binary mixture of ionic liquids.
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•Conductivity, viscosity and diffusion study for several ionic liquid mixtures.•A significant increase in conductivity of mixtures to pure ionic liquids.•Contrasting behavior of viscosity and conductivity of mixtures interpreted by NMR.•Validity of Walden rule for ionic liquid mixtures show good and sub-ionic range.
We report for the first-time higher zinc (Zn) solubilization efficiency and plant growth promotion by an entomopathogenic fungus (EPF), Metarhizium pingshaense IISR-EPF-14, which was earlier isolated ...from Conogethes punctiferalis, a pest of global importance. The Zn solubilizing efficiency of the fungus varied depending on the type of insoluble source of Zn used, which was observed to be 1.6 times higher in Zn3(PO4)2–amended media compared to ZnO media. In liquid media, there was a 6.2-fold increase in available Zn in ZnO–amended media, whereas a 20.2-fold increase in available Zn was recorded in Zn3(PO4)2 medium. We ascribe the production of various organic acids such as gluconic, keto-gluconic, oxalic, tartaric, malonic, succinic and formic acids, which in general, interact with insoluble Zn sources and make them soluble by forming metal cations and displacing anions as the major mechanism for Zn solubilization by M. pingshaense. However, the type and amount of organic acid produced in the media varied depending on the source of Zn used and the incubation period. Application of the fungus alone and in combination with insoluble Zn sources enhanced various plant growth parameters in rice and cardamom plants. Moreover, the uptake of Zn in rice plants was enhanced up to ~2.5-fold by fungal application. The fungus also exhibited various other plant growth-promoting traits, such as production of Indole-3-acetic acid, ammonia, siderophores, solubilization of mineral phosphate, and production of hydrolytic enzymes such as α-amylase, protease, and pectinase. Hence, apart from its use as a biological control agent, M. pingshaense has the potential to be used as a bio-fortifier to enhance the solubilization and uptake of Zn from nutrient poor soils under field conditions. Our findings shed light on the broader ecological role played by this fungus and widen its scope for utilization in sustainable agriculture.
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•We report zinc solubilization by an entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium pingshaense.•The key mechanism for Zn solubilization is due to the production of organic acids.•Application of the fungus enhanced plant growth and Zn uptake in rice.•The fungus holds promise in bioremediation and sustainable agriculture.
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