Metabolic syndrome and its components such as obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM-T2), and arterial hypertension are unequivocally serious problems for every society. This is ...especially true in economically developed countries where the imbalance in lifestyle between caloric intake and caloric output still gets greater and greater. This fact is not only a concern for the adult population but for children as well. However, metabolic syndrome does not only affect society and health in regards to cardiovascular diseases, it significantly concerns gastroenterology where it is classified as nonalcoholic fatty pancreas disease (NAFPD). The data gained from several trials show that the prevalence of NAFDP is 33% (95% CI 24-41%). When it comes to the diagnostic procedures concerning the presence of pancreatic fat, a whole spectrum of suitable methods are recommended. Probably, the most exact method is the use of magnetic resonance imaging. However, for common clinical practice, the abdominal sonographic examination based on the comparison of the pancreatic parenchymatous echogenity versus renal or hepatic echogenity is used. The clinical consequences of pancreatic steatosis and steatopancreatitis are significant. These diseases are connected with DM-T2 and insulin resistance. In recent years, changes of exocrine pancreatic function, particularly its decrease, have also been described. It is known that there is a close correlation between NAFPD and nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis and also with the increased thickness of aortic intima-media. There is also an important relationship between NAFPD and pancreatic carcinoma. Pancreatic steatosis, and especially its NAFPD form, is a serious state which can be treatable by the possible effective management of metabolic syndrome parameters, including obesity.
1: ESGE recommends that all duodenal adenomas should be considered for endoscopic resection as progression to invasive carcinoma is highly likely.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. 2: ESGE ...recommends performance of a colonoscopy, if that has not yet been done, in cases of duodenal adenoma.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. 3: ESGE recommends the use of the cap-assisted method when the location of the minor and/or major papilla and their relationship to a duodenal adenoma is not clearly established during forward-viewing endoscopy.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. 4: ESGE recommends the routine use of a side-viewing endoscope when a laterally spreading adenoma with extension to the minor and/or major papilla is suspected.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. 5: ESGE suggests cold snare polypectomy for small (< 6 mm in size) nonmalignant duodenal adenomas.Weak recommendation, low quality evidence. 6: ESGE recommends endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) as the first-line endoscopic resection technique for nonmalignant large nonampullary duodenal adenomas.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. 7: ESGE recommends that endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for duodenal adenomas is an effective resection technique only in expert hands.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. 8: ESGE recommends using techniques that minimize adverse events such as immediate or delayed bleeding or perforation. These may include piecemeal resection, defect closure techniques, noncontact hemostasis, and other emerging techniques, and these should be considered on a case-by-case basis.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. 9: ESGE recommends endoscopic surveillance 3 months after the index treatment. In cases of no recurrence, a further follow-up endoscopy should be done 1 year later. Thereafter, surveillance intervals should be adapted to the lesion site, en bloc resection status, and initial histological result. Strong recommendation, low quality evidence.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal solid malignancies with increasing incidence. The poor prognosis is due to the aggressive nature of the tumor, late detection, and ...the resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. A radical surgery procedure is the only treatment that has been shown to improve the 5-year survival rate to 20-25%. However, the majority of patients (80-85%) are diagnosed with locally advanced or metastatic disease and just 15-20% patients are diagnosed in an early stage allowing them to undergo the potentially curative surgical resection. The early detection of PDAC without the use of invasive methods is challenging and discovery of a cost-effective biomarker with high specificity and sensitivity could significantly improve the treatment and survival in these patients. In this review, we summarize current and newly examined biomarkers in early PDAC detection.
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a form of malignancy of increasing incidence and poor prognosis, with an average of less than 10% of patients surviving 5 years after being diagnosed. The main reason for ...this unfavorable situation is the long asymptomatic course of the disease, and the absence of a simple screening method, typically leading to the late discovery of the disease. The development of the malignancy from the initial carcinogenesis into invasive pancreatic carcinoma takes approximately 10 years. However, the progression of pancreatic cancer from early into advanced stages can be, according to the latest studies, incredibly fast, just a few months. Early stages of pancreatic malignancy can be detected only by expensive, and sometimes invasive, diagnostic methods (CT, MRI, or EUS). Due to the current absence of a reliable non-invasive screening method, it is necessary to define a group of patients who have the highest risk of PC development, five to ten times higher risk compared to the regular population at a minimum. Risk factors combine in their effect; therefore, relative risks of PC development need to be summarized to obtain a total relative risk for each person. The main and non-influenceable risk factor in the development of PC is the increasing age. The other non-influenceable risk factor of PC is a genetic predisposition - family incidence of the disease can be detected in 4-16% of patients. Some specific genes and mutations, which can play a role in PC development have already been identified (for example mutation of the PRSS-1 gene). Among the influenceable risk factors of PC is primarily smoking; obesity can play a part in PC development as well. A higher risk of PC is observed in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Nowadays, the relationship between PC and diabetes mellitus (DM) is hotly discussed. In the case of long-standing DM, the risk of pancreatic cancer is two times higher compared to the healthy population. However, new-onset DM can be the first sign of still asymptomatic PC. These patients, with paraneoplastic DM caused by pancreatic cancer cells, represent approximately 1% of recently diagnosed patients. However, this group of patients is still too large for screening. Because of that, it is necessary to find specific criteria to distinguish classic DM from the paraneoplastic form. The application of these criteria can help with the better stratification of risk in patients with new-onset diabetes and hence, it can help to discover PC in its early stages.
AbstractMucinous cystic neoplasm of the liver (MCN-L) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile duct (IPMN-B) are diagnoses that were classified by the World Health Organization in 2010 ...as mucin-producing bile duct tumors of the hepatobiliary system. The preoperative differential diagnosis between these two entities is difficult; the presence of a communication with the bile duct is usually considered as a typical sign of IPMN-B. However, the presence of an ovarian-like stroma (OLS) has been established to define the diagnosis of MCN-L. We present the case of a 33-year-old woman with a rapid progression of a cystic tumor of the liver. In 2 years, the lesion increased from 27 to 64 mm and a dilation of the left hepatic duct appeared. Percutaneous transhepatic drainage with a biopsy was performed. No malignant cells were found on biopsy. Because of the rapid progression of the cystic tumor and unclear malignant potential, left hemihepatectomy was performed. Even though tumor masses were present in the biliary duct, on the basis of the presence of OLS, histology finally confirmed MCN-L with intermediate-grade intraepithelial dysplasia to high-grade intraepithelial dysplasia. The patient is currently under oncologic follow-up with no signs of recurrence of the disease. We present a rare case where MCN-L caused a dilation of the left hepatic duct, a sign that is usually a characteristic of IPMN-B.
We present a case of a fish bone impacted in the papilla of Vater resulting in dyspepsia and mild elevation in liver function tests, which was subsequently treated endoscopically. Fish bones are one ...of the most commonly encountered swallowed foreign bodies. However, involvement of the biliary tract, such as the one described by us, represents an extremely rare complication of fish bone ingestion. The diagnosis of a foreign body in the biliary tract can be difficult, and early endoscopic or surgical extraction may be required to avoid complications such as biliary stone formation, obstructive jaundice, cholangitis or cholecystitis, and/or biliary sepsis. Prompt endoscopic treatment can avoid severe biliary complications or surgical therapy.
Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease has been on the rise in recent years, especially in pediatric populations. This study aimed to provide precise identification and stratification of pediatric ...patients with diagnosed ulcerative colitis (UC) according to the severity of their condition and the prediction for standard treatment according to the specific expression of candidate miRNAs. We enrolled consecutive, therapeutically naïve, pediatric UC patients with confirmed pancolitis. We examined formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of colonic tissue for the expression of 10 selected candidate miRNAs. We performed receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, using area under the curve and a logistic regression model to evaluate the diagnostic and predictive power of the miRNA panels. Sixty patients were included in the final analysis. As a control group, 18 children without macroscopic and microscopic signs of inflammatory bowel disease were examined. The combination of three candidate miRNAs (let-7i-5p, miR-223-3p and miR-4284) enabled accurate detection of pediatric UC patients and controls. A panel of four candidate miRNAs (miR-375-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-223-3p and miR-200b-3p) was associated with severity of UC in pediatric patients and a combination of three miRNAs (miR-21-5p, miR-192-5p and miR-194-5p) was associated with early relapse of the disease. Nine patients out of the total were diagnosed with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) simultaneously with ulcerative colitis. A panel of 6 candidate miRNAs (miR-142-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-223-3p, let-7i-5p, miR-192-5p and miR-194-5p) identified those patients with PSC. Specific combinations of miRNAs are promising tools for potential use in precise disease identification and severity and prognostic stratification in pediatric patients with ulcerative pancolitis.
Respiratory distress syndrome caused by a secondary surfactant deficiency is one of the most common diagnoses requiring admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. We illustrate the case of a term ...female newborn without prenatal and peripartal risks. There had been significant signs of respiratory distress 4 h after delivery. The condition gradually worsened to the point of needing oscillatory ventilation. The most common infectious and non-infectious causes were excluded. Considering the course of illness, a congenital surfactant deficiency was suspected. There nevertheless was no significant improvement after administration of surfactant. Following a short period of palliative care, the child died at 34 days of age due to respiratory failure. DNA diagnostics revealed compound heterozygosity of
ABCA3
functional mutations leading to the p.Pro147Leu and p.Pro246Leu exchanges. The second identified mutation of
ABCA3
c.737C>T had not to date been described in connection with primary surfactant deficiency.
It is well known that some pathological conditions, especially of autoimmune etiology, are associated with the HLA (human leukocyte antigen) phenotype. Among these diseases, we include celiac ...disease, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune enteropathy, autoimmune hepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis. Immunoglobulin G4-related diseases (IgG4-related diseases) constitute a second group of autoimmune gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary and pancreatic illnesses. IgG4-related diseases are systemic and rare autoimmune illnesses. They often are connected with chronic inflammation and fibrotic reaction that can occur in any organ of the body. The most typical feature of these diseases is a mononuclear infiltrate with IgG4-positive plasma cells and self-sustaining inflammatory response. In this review, we focus especially upon the hepatopancreatobiliary system, autoimmune pancreatitis and IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis. The cooperation of the gastroenterologist, radiologist, surgeon and histopathologist is crucial for establishing correct diagnoses and appropriate treatment, especially in IgG4 hepatopancreatobiliary diseases.
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