Defensive behaviors reflect underlying emotion states, such as fear. The hypothalamus plays a role in such behaviors, but prevailing textbook views depict it as an effector of upstream emotion ...centers, such as the amygdala, rather than as an emotion center itself. We used optogenetic manipulations to probe the function of a specific hypothalamic cell type that mediates innate defensive responses. These neurons are sufficient to drive multiple defensive actions, and required for defensive behaviors in diverse contexts. The behavioral consequences of activating these neurons, moreover, exhibit properties characteristic of emotion states in general, including scalability, (negative) valence, generalization and persistence. Importantly, these neurons can also condition learned defensive behavior, further refuting long-standing claims that the hypothalamus is unable to support emotional learning and therefore is not an emotion center. These data indicate that the hypothalamus plays an integral role to instantiate emotion states, and is not simply a passive effector of upstream emotion centers.
To determine the diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging for the prediction of treatment failure in primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).
The study was approved by ...the local institutional ethics committee and conducted with informed written consent in patients with primary HNSCC treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. DW imaging of the primary tumor was performed before treatment in 37 patients and was repeated within 2 weeks of treatment in 30 patients. Histograms of apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were analyzed, and mean ADC, kurtosis, skewness, and their respective percentage change were correlated for local failure and local control at 2 years by using the Student t test. Univariate and multivariate analyses of the ADC parameters, T stage, and tumor volume were performed by using logistic regression for prediction of local failure.
Local failure occurred in 16 of 37 (43%) patients and local control occurred in 21 of 37 (57%) patients. Pretreatment ADC parameters showed no correlation with local failure. There was significant intratreatment increase in mean ADC and a decrease in skewness and kurtosis (P < .001, P < .001, P = .024, respectively) for the whole group of patients when compared with those before treatment. During treatment, primary tumors showed a significantly lower increase in percentage change of mean ADC, higher skewness, and higher kurtosis for local failure than for local control (P = .016, .015, and .040, respectively). These ADC parameters also were significant for predicting local failure with use of univariate but not multivariate analysis.
Early intratreatment DW imaging has the potential to allow prediction of treatment response at the primary site in patients with HNSCC.
A pilot study of real-time shear wave ultrasound elastography (SWE) for cervical lymphadenopathy in routine clinical practice was conducted on 55 nodes undergoing conventional ultrasound (US) with ...US-guided needle aspiration for cytology. Elastic moduli of stiffest regions in nodes were measured on colour-coded elastograms, which were correlated with cytology. Malignant nodes (n = 31, 56.4%) were stiffer (median 25.0 kPa, range 6.9-278.9 kPa) than benign nodes (median 21.4 kPa, range 8.9-30.2 kPa) (p = 0.008, Mann Whitney U test). A cut-off of 30.2 kPa attained highest accuracy of 61.8%, corresponding to 41.9% sensitivity, 100% specificity and 0.77 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Qualitatively, elastograms of benign nodes were homogeneously soft; malignant nodes were homogeneously soft or markedly heterogeneous with some including regions lacking elasticity signal. SWE is feasible for neck nodes. It appears unsuitable for cancer screening but may detect a subset of malignant nodes. The cause of spatial heterogeneity of malignant nodes on SWE is yet to be established.
Purpose To evaluate the utility of amide proton transfer (APT) imaging in the characterization of head and neck tumors. Materials and Methods This retrospective study of APT imaging included 117 ...patients with 70 nasopharyngeal undifferentiated carcinomas (NUCs), 26 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), eight non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs), and 13 benign salivary gland tumors (BSGTs). Normal tissues were examined in 25 patients. The APT means of malignant tumors, normal tissues, and benign tumors were calculated and compared with the Student t test and analysis of variance. The added value of the mean APT to the mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) for differentiating malignant and benign tumors was evaluated by using receiver operating characteristic analysis and integrated discrimination index. Results The mean APT of malignant tumors (2.40% ± 0.97 standard deviation) was significantly higher than that of brain tissue (1.13% ± 0.43), muscle tissue (0.23% ± 0.73), and benign tumors (1.32% ± 1.20) (P < .001). There were no differences between malignant groups (NUC, 2.37% ± 0.90; SCC, 2.41% ± 1.16; NHL, 2.65% ± 0.89; P = .45 to P = .86). The mean ADC of malignant tumors (0.85 ± 0.17 × 10
mm
/sec) was significantly lower than that of benign tumors (1.46 ± 0.47 × 10
mm
/sec) (P = .001). Adding APT to ADC increased the area under the curve from 0.87 to 0.96, with an integrated discrimination index of 7.6% (P = .13). Conclusion These preliminary data demonstrate differences in amide proton transfer (APT) mean of malignant tumors, normal tissues, and benign tumors, although APT mean could not be used to differentiate between malignant tumor groups. APT imaging has the potential to be of added value to apparent diffusion coefficient in differentiating malignant from benign tumors.
To technically investigate the non-Gaussian diffusion of head and neck diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) at 3 Tesla and compare advanced non-Gaussian diffusion models, including diffusion kurtosis ...imaging (DKI), stretched-exponential model (SEM), intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) and statistical model in the patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).
After ethics approval was granted, 16 patients with NPC were examined using DWI performed at 3T employing an extended b-value range from 0 to 1500 s/mm(2). DWI signals were fitted to the mono-exponential and non-Gaussian diffusion models on primary tumor, metastatic node, spinal cord and muscle. Non-Gaussian parameter maps were generated and compared to apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps in NPC.
Diffusion in NPC exhibited non-Gaussian behavior at the extended b-value range. Non-Gaussian models achieved significantly better fitting of DWI signal than the mono-exponential model. Non-Gaussian diffusion coefficients were substantially different from mono-exponential ADC both in magnitude and histogram distribution.
Non-Gaussian diffusivity in head and neck tissues and NPC lesions could be assessed by using non-Gaussian diffusion models. Non-Gaussian DWI analysis may reveal additional tissue properties beyond ADC and holds potentials to be used as a complementary tool for NPC characterization.
Multi-metallic nanoparticles (NPs) can offer dynamic and tunable localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties that are suitable for various catalysis, sensing and energy harvesting ...applications due to the wide range of tunability and applicability. In this work, the systematic fabrication and improved LSPR characteristics of multi-metallic alloy NP arrays are demonstrated based on the solid-state dewetting (SSD) of multi-layers of Ag/Pt/Au/Pd on sapphire (0001). The evolution of surface NPs in terms of configurational and elemental specifications yields vary strong and dynamic LSPR bands in the UV and VIS wavelengths based on the excitation of various plasmonic modes, i.e. dipolar (DR), quadrupolar (QR), multipolar (MR) and higher order (HO) bands, which is further exploited by the finite difference time domain simulations. Through the systematic control of multi-layer thickness, layer ratio and growth conditions, various nanostructures such as voided nanoclusters, network-like NPs and isolated semispherical NPs are obtained, which are unique in terms of morphology and elemental composition at each stage of dewetting process. The growth mechanism of multi-metallic alloy NP arrays is proposed based on the temperature driven thermal diffusion, alloying, Rayleigh-like instability and energy minimization mechanisms. Due to the subsequent sublimation of Ag atoms at above 650 °C, a sharp alteration in the elemental and morphological characteristics is demonstrated. In specific, the high percentage of Ag alloy NPs exhibits strong LSPR bands and gradually weakened along with the Ag sublimation. At the same time, however, the alloy or mono-metallic NPs without Ag still demonstrate much stronger LSPR bands as compared to the monometallic NPs by the SSD of pure films.
Objectives
To evaluate shear wave elastography (SWE) for focal lesions in major salivary glands.
Methods
Sixty lesions (49 parotid, 11 submandibular) undergoing routine ultrasound (grey scale and ...Doppler) also underwent SWE before US-guided needle aspiration for cytology. Quantitative indices of the shear elastic modulus (stiffness) were compared with cytological results.
Results
Fifty-five lesions were benign (21 pleomorphic adenomas, 18 Warthin’s tumours; 16 others) and 5 malignant (2 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, 1 myoepithelial carcinoma, 1 B-cell lymphoma, 1 nodal metastasis). Shear modulus of benign lesions, median 18.3 kPa, overlapped appreciably with malignant lesions, median 13.5 kPa. However, 2 mucoepidermoid carcinomas had the highest stiffness values (81.9 kPa, 132.0 kPa). Stiffness of pleomorphic adenomas (median 22.5 kPa) was higher than Warthin’s tumours (16.9 kPa) (
P
= 0.05 Mann–Whitney
U
-test). The standard deviation of stiffness values within a lesion, used as an indicator of spatial heterogeneity, was highest in mucoepidermoid cancers (median 44.2 kPa), followed by pleomorphic adenomas (median 12.4 kPa) and remaining lesions (medians 1.4–10.3 kPa).
Conclusion
This study shows a degree of clustering of SWE indices according to pathology although it appears that SWE has suboptimal performance for ruling out malignancy, thus limiting its use in routine practice.
Key Points
•
Shear wave elastography is a feasible technique for focal salivary gland lesions
.
•
Elastographic artefacts aggravated by the regional anatomy may hinder this technique
.
•
Elastographic indices vary according to pathology but there is appreciable overlap
.
•
Overlapping indices for malignant and benign lesions limit its utility
.
•
Pleomorphic adenomas have higher elasticity indices, i.e. are stiffer, than Warthin’s tumours
.
Objective
To evaluate qualitative ultrasound elastography for focal salivary gland masses identified during routine clinical practice.
Methods
Sixty-five parotid or submandibular masses in 61 ...patients underwent real-time qualitative ultrasound elastography and were scored on colour-scaled elastograms in terms of their stiffness relative to adjacent normal salivary parenchyma from ES 1 (soft) to ES 4 (stiff). This was correlated with diagnosis from aspiration cytology or histology.
Results
There were 29 Warthin’s tumours (WTs), 23 pleomorphic adenomas (PAs), 2 adenoid cystic carcinomas, 1 adenosquamous carcinoma, 1 nodal metastasis from nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 1 lymphoma (2 deposits), 3 Kuttner tumours and 4 cases of Kimura’s disease. ES scores showed clustering according to pathological condition. In this respect, PAs were firmer than WTs (
P
< 0.004, Fisher’s exact test). Nine, 19, 14 and 17 of the benign masses and 0, 1, 2 and 3 of the malignant masses were ES 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. All three primary salivary malignancies were ES 4 compared with 1/29 WTs and 16/23 PAs.
Conclusion
These preliminary findings suggest that qualitative real-time ultrasound elastography, although an ancillary technique to conventional ultrasound in the salivary glands, is likely to have a poor ability to discriminate benign lesions (particularly PAs) from malignant disease.
Purpose
Accommodating a novel semi-implantable bone conduction hearing device within the temporal bone presents challenges for surgical planning. This study describes the utility of CT in ...pre-operative assessment of such an implant.
Methods
Retrospective review of pre-operative CT, clinical and surgical records of 16 adults considered for device implantation. Radiological suitability was assessed on CT using 3D simulation software. Antero-posterior (AP) dimensions of the mastoid bone and minimum skull thickness were measured. CT planning results were correlated with operative records.
Results
Eight and five candidates were suitable for device placement in the transmastoid and retrosigmoid positions, respectively, and three were radiologically unsuitable. The mean AP diameter of the mastoid cavity was 14.6 mm for the transmastoid group and 4.6 mm for the retrosigmoid group (
p
< 0.05). Contracted mastoid and/or prior surgery were predisposing factors for unsuitability. Four transmastoid and five retrosigmoid positions required sigmoid sinus/dural depression and/or use of lifts due to insufficient bone capacity.
Conclusion
A high proportion of patients being considered have contracted or operated mastoids, which reduces the feasibility of the transmastoid approach. This finding combined with the complex temporal bone geometry illustrates the importance of careful CT evaluation using 3D software for precise device simulation.
Key points
•
Preoperative temporal bone CT is essential for determining Bonebridge device suitability.
•
Mastoid under-pneumatisation and prior mastoidectomy predict a retrosigmoid Bonebridge position.
•
3D simulation software is recommended for precise device positioning.
Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a combination of electroporation (EP) and chemotherapy and has been reported as a potential radiosensitizing agent for radiation therapy.
The main objective of this study ...was to systematically review of the literature to evaluate the effectiveness of ECT in sensitization of tumors to ionization radiation. In addition, the clinical considerations and mechanisms of action of radiosensitizing effect are discussed.
Nine studies were included in this review. Bleomycin and cisplatin showed radiosensitizing effects in combined protocols with EP. EP enhances the cytotoxicity of bleomycin and cisplatin by factor of 1000 and 100, respectively. The mechanism of action of these drugs is induction of single and double strand breaks in DNA molecule. Moreover, the two main mechanisms of EP are increasing drug uptake in the tumor cells and generating reactive oxygen species. A single session ECT before radiotherapy can significantly enhance the tumor response.
ECT is effective for different cell lines and tumors with different levels of radiosensitivity. Our findings show that ECT can be further translated into the clinic and can be matched by singledose irradiation as well as in the fractionated regime.
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