SisFall: A Fall and Movement Dataset Sucerquia, Angela; López, José David; Vargas-Bonilla, Jesús Francisco
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland),
01/2017, Letnik:
17, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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Odprti dostop
Research on fall and movement detection with wearable devices has witnessed promising growth. However, there are few publicly available datasets, all recorded with smartphones, which are insufficient ...for testing new proposals due to their absence of objective population, lack of performed activities, and limited information. Here, we present a dataset of falls and activities of daily living (ADLs) acquired with a self-developed device composed of two types of accelerometer and one gyroscope. It consists of 19 ADLs and 15 fall types performed by 23 young adults, 15 ADL types performed by 14 healthy and independent participants over 62 years old, and data from one participant of 60 years old that performed all ADLs and falls. These activities were selected based on a survey and a literature analysis. We test the dataset with widely used feature extraction and a simple to implement threshold based classification, achieving up to 96% of accuracy in fall detection. An individual activity analysis demonstrates that most errors coincide in a few number of activities where new approaches could be focused. Finally, validation tests with elderly people significantly reduced the fall detection performance of the tested features. This validates findings of other authors and encourages developing new strategies with this new dataset as the benchmark.
Reliability generalization (RG) is a meta‐analytic approach that aims to characterize how reliability estimates from the same test vary across different applications of the instrument. With this ...purpose RG meta‐analyses typically focus on a particular test and intend to obtain an overall reliability of test scores and to investigate how the composition and variability of the samples affect reliability. Although several guidelines have been proposed in the meta‐analytic literature to help authors improve the reporting quality of meta‐analyses, none of them were devised for RG meta‐analyses. The purpose of this investigation was to develop REGEMA (REliability GEneralization Meta‐Analysis), a 30‐item checklist (plus a flow chart) adapted to the specific issues that the reporting of an RG meta‐analysis must take into account. Based on previous checklists and guidelines proposed in the meta‐analytic arena, a first version was elaborated by applying the nominal group methodology. The resulting instrument was submitted to a list of independent meta‐analysis experts and, after discussion, the final version of the REGEMA checklist was reached. In a pilot study, four pairs of coders applied REGEMA to a random sample of 40 RG meta‐analyses in Psychology, and results showed satisfactory inter‐coder reliability. REGEMA can be used by: (a) meta‐analysts conducting or reporting an RG meta‐analysis and aiming to improve its reporting quality; (b) consumers of RG meta‐analyses who want to make informed critical appraisals of their reporting quality, and (c) reviewers and editors of journals who are considering submissions where an RG meta‐analysis was reported for potential publication.
Warfarin is effective for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF), but anticoagulation is underused in clinical care. The risk of venous thromboembolic disease during hospitalisation can be ...reduced by low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH): warfarin is the most frequently prescribed anticoagulant for treatment and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Warfarin-related bleeding is a major reason for hospitalisation for adverse drug effects. Warfarin is cheap but therapeutic monitoring increases treatment costs. Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have more rapid onset and offset of action than warfarin, and more predictable dosing requirements.
To determine the best oral anticoagulant/s for prevention of stroke in AF and for primary prevention, treatment and secondary prevention of VTE.
Four systematic reviews, network meta-analyses (NMAs) and cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) of randomised controlled trials.
Hospital (VTE primary prevention and acute treatment) and primary care/anticoagulation clinics (AF and VTE secondary prevention).
Patients eligible for anticoagulation with warfarin (stroke prevention in AF, acute treatment or secondary prevention of VTE) or LMWH (primary prevention of VTE).
NOACs, warfarin and LMWH, together with other interventions (antiplatelet therapy, placebo) evaluated in the evidence network.
Stroke, symptomatic VTE, symptomatic deep-vein thrombosis and symptomatic pulmonary embolism.
Major bleeding, clinically relevant bleeding and intracranial haemorrhage. We also considered myocardial infarction and all-cause mortality and evaluated cost-effectiveness.
MEDLINE and PREMEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library, reference lists of published NMAs and trial registries. We searched MEDLINE and PREMEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library. The stroke prevention in AF review search was run on the 12 March 2014 and updated on 15 September 2014, and covered the period 2010 to September 2014. The search for the three reviews in VTE was run on the 19 March 2014, updated on 15 September 2014, and covered the period 2008 to September 2014.
Two reviewers screened search results, extracted and checked data, and assessed risk of bias. For each outcome we conducted standard meta-analysis and NMA. We evaluated cost-effectiveness using discrete-time Markov models.
Apixaban (Eliquis
, Bristol-Myers Squibb, USA; Pfizer, USA) 5 mg bd (twice daily) was ranked as among the best interventions for stroke prevention in AF, and had the highest expected net benefit. Edoxaban (Lixiana
, Daiichi Sankyo, Japan) 60 mg od (once daily) was ranked second for major bleeding and all-cause mortality. Neither the clinical effectiveness analysis nor the CEA provided strong evidence that NOACs should replace postoperative LMWH in primary prevention of VTE. For acute treatment and secondary prevention of VTE, we found little evidence that NOACs offer an efficacy advantage over warfarin, but the risk of bleeding complications was lower for some NOACs than for warfarin. For a willingness-to-pay threshold of > £5000, apixaban (5 mg bd) had the highest expected net benefit for acute treatment of VTE. Aspirin or no pharmacotherapy were likely to be the most cost-effective interventions for secondary prevention of VTE: our results suggest that it is not cost-effective to prescribe NOACs or warfarin for this indication.
NOACs have advantages over warfarin in patients with AF, but we found no strong evidence that they should replace warfarin or LMWH in primary prevention, treatment or secondary prevention of VTE.
These relate mainly to shortfalls in the primary data: in particular, there were no head-to-head comparisons between different NOAC drugs.
Calculating the expected value of sample information to clarify whether or not it would be justifiable to fund one or more head-to-head trials.
This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42013005324, CRD42013005331 and CRD42013005330.
The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
Bacterial conjugation is the main mechanism for the dissemination of multiple antibiotic resistance in human pathogens. This dissemination could be controlled by molecules that interfere with the ...conjugation process. A search for conjugation inhibitors among a collection of 1,632 natural compounds, identified tanzawaic acids A and B as best hits. They specially inhibited IncW and IncFII conjugative systems, including plasmids mobilized by them. Plasmids belonging to IncFI, IncI, IncL/M, IncX and IncH incompatibility groups were targeted to a lesser extent, whereas IncN and IncP plasmids were unaffected. Tanzawaic acids showed reduced toxicity in bacterial, fungal or human cells, when compared to synthetic conjugation inhibitors, opening the possibility of their deployment in complex environments, including natural settings relevant for antibiotic resistance dissemination.
The consequences of a fall on an elderly person can be reduced if the accident is attended by medical personnel within the first hour. Independent elderly people often stay alone for long periods of ...time, being in more risk if they suffer a fall. The literature offers several approaches for detecting falls with embedded devices or smartphones using a triaxial accelerometer. Most of these approaches have not been tested with the target population or cannot be feasibly implemented in real-life conditions. In this work, we propose a fall detection methodology based on a non-linear classification feature and a Kalman filter with a periodicity detector to reduce the false positive rate. This methodology requires a sampling rate of only 25 Hz; it does not require large computations or memory and it is robust among devices. We tested our approach with the SisFall dataset achieving 99.4% of accuracy. We then validated it with a new round of simulated activities with young adults and an elderly person. Finally, we give the devices to three elderly persons for full-day validations. They continued with their normal life and the devices behaved as expected.
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•Controlled synthesis of ceria nanorods and nanocubes with different dimensions.•The oxidation catalytic activity of nanostructured ceria increases as the surface oxygen defects ...concentration increase.•The ceria oxidation activity is not directly related to the concentration of bulk defects.
This paper reveals the key importance of surface oxygen defects in the oxidation catalytic activity of nanostructured ceria. A series of nanostructured rods and cubes with different physico–chemical properties have been synthesized, characterized and tested in the total toluene oxidation. The variation of the temperature and base concentration during the hydrothermal syntheses of nanostructured ceria leads not only to different ceria morphologies with high shape purity, but also to structures with tuneable surface areas and defect concentrations. Ceria nanorods present a higher surface area and a higher concentration of bulk and surface defects than nanocubes associated with their exposed crystal planes, leading to high oxidation activities. However, for a given morphology, the catalytic activity for toluene oxidation is directly related to the concentration of surface oxygen defects and not the overall concentration of oxygen vacancies as previously believed.
Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular pathways that govern the association of inflammation with organ fibrosis and cancer point to the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) as ...the common link in the progression of these devastating diseases. The EMT is a crucial process in the development of different tissues in the embryo and its reactivation in the adult may be regarded as a physiological attempt to control inflammatory responses and to ‘heal’ damaged tissue. However, in pathological contexts such as in tumours or during the development of organ fibrosis, this healing response adopts a sinister nature, steering these diseases towards metastasis and organ failure. Importantly, the chronic inflammatory microenvironment common to fibrotic and cancer cells emerges as a decisive factor in the induction of the pathological EMT.
The SiO2 particles system is one of the most common ways to protect colloidal metal systems, such as gold nanoparticles, from aggregation and activity loss due to their high chemical stability and ...low reactivity. In this study, silica green gold nanoparticles (AuNPs synthesized with mullein extract) were fabricated using two different sol–gel methods. The nanoparticles were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR), and the antibacterial activity against pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica). Synthesis-1 nanoparticles had a kidney-shaped form and uniform distribution, while synthesis-2 nanoparticles had a spherical and non-uniform form. Characterization showed that temperature is an important factor in the distribution of AuNPs in silica; a decrease allowed the formation of Janus-type, and an increase showed a higher concentration of gold in energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Overall, similar bands of the two synthesis silica nanoparticles were observed in FTIR, while XRD spectra showed differences in the preferential growth in AuNPs depending on the synthesis. Higher antibacterial activity was observed against S. aureus, which was followed by L. monocytogenes. No differences were observed in the antibacterial activity between the two different sol–gel methods.
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) has been recognized as an important mediator in the genesis of chronic kidney diseases (CKD), which are characterized by the accumulation of extracellular ...matrix (ECM) components in the glomeruli (glomerular fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis) and the tubular interstitium (tubulointerstitial fibrosis). Glomerulosclerosis is a major cause of glomerular filtration rate reduction in CKD and all three major glomerular cell types (podocytes or visceral epithelial cells, mesangial cells and endothelial cells) participate in the fibrotic process. TGF-β induces (1) podocytopenia caused by podocyte apoptosis and detachment from the glomerular basement membrane; (2) mesangial expansion caused by mesangial cell hypertrophy, proliferation (and eventually apoptosis) and ECM synthesis; (3) endothelial to mesenchymal transition giving rise to glomerular myofibroblasts, a major source of ECM. TGF-β has been shown to mediate several key tubular pathological events during CKD progression, namely fibroblast proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, tubular and fibroblast ECM production and epithelial cell death leading to tubular cell deletion and interstitial fibrosis. In this review, we re-examine the mechanisms involved in glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis and the way that TGF-β participates in renal fibrosis, renal parenchyma degeneration and loss of function associated with CKD.
The phenolic compounds of 15 strawberry cultivars grown in Spain were analyzed and quantified: anthocyanins (20.2−47.4 mg/100 g of fw) (cyanidin 3-glucoside and pelargonidin 3-glucoside, ...3-rutinoside, and 3-malonyl glucoside), flavonols (1.5−3.4 mg/100 g of fw) (quercetin 3-glucuronide and kaempferol 3-glucoside and 3-p-coumaroyl-glucoside), proanthocyanidins (53.9−163.2 mg/100 g), p-coumaroyl-glucose (0.84−6.70 mg/100 g), ellagitannins (9.67−22.86 mg/100 g) (sanguiin H-6, lambertianin C, and galloyl bis-HHDP-glucose), and ellagic acid glycosides (0.88−2.06 mg/100 g of fw) (two ellagic acid deoxyhexosides). Proanthocyanidins, the main phenolic compounds, were characterized by phloroglucinol degradation. Their mean degree of polymerization ranged from 3.4 for cv. Chiflon to 5.8 for cv. Ventana, the average value being 4.3. The terminal unit of proanthocyanidin oligomers was always (epi)catechin (17.36−29.93%) and (epi)catechin (61.66−75.39%) or (epi)afzelechin (4.50−10.54%) as extension units. Different combinations of (epi)catechin and (epi)afzelechin were detected, and their sequence of linkage was characterized by HPLC-MS-MS. Relative percentages of dimers, trimers, tetramers, and pentamers were evaluated by the extracted ion chromatogram (EIC) analysis.
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