At high energy, exclusive meson photo- and electro-production give access to the structure of hadronic matter. At low momentum transfers, the exchange of a few Regge trajectories leads to a ...comprehensive account of the cross-sections. Among these trajectories, which are related to the mass spectrum of families of mesons, the Pomeron plays an interesting role as it is related to glue-ball excitations. At high momentum transfers, the exchange of these collective excitations is expected to reduce to the exchange of their simplest (quark or gluon) components. However, contributions from unitarity rescattering cuts are relevant even at high energies. In the JLab energy range, the asymptotic regime, where the players in the game are current quarks and massless gluons has not been reached yet. One has to rely on more effective degrees of freedom adapted to the scale of the probe. A consistent picture, the “Partonic Non-Perturbative Regime”, is emerging. The properties of its various components (dressed propagators, effective coupling constants, quark wave functions, shape of the Regge trajectories, etc.) provide us with various links to hadron properties. I will review the status of the field, will put in perspective the current achievements at JLab, SLAC and Hermes, and will assess future developments that are made possible by continuous electron beams at higher energies.
At large virtuality Q2, the coupling to the vector meson production channels provides us with a natural explanation of the surprisingly large cross section of the neutral pion electroproduction ...recently measured at Jefferson Laboratory, without destroying the good agreement between the Regge pole model and the data at the real photon point. Elastic rescattering of the π0 provides us with a way to explain why the node, that appears at t∼−0.5 GeV2 at the real photon point, disappears as soon as Q2 differs from zero.
Recent studies of the electro-disintegration of the few body systems at JLab have revived the field. Not only recoil momentum distributions have been determined in a single shot. But also they ...confirm that the diagrammatic approach, which I developed 25 years ago, is relevant to analyze them, provided that the nucleon–nucleon scattering amplitude, determined in the same energy range, is used. They provide us with a solid starting point to address the issue of the propagation of exotic components of hadrons in nuclear matter.
The main scientific goal of Solar Orbiter is to address the central question of heliophysics: ‘how does the Sun create and control the heliosphere?’ To achieve this goal, the spacecraft carries a ...unique combination of ten scientific instruments (six remote-sensing instruments and four in-situ instruments) towards the innermost regions of the Solar System, to as close as 0.28 AU from the Sun during segments of its orbit. The orbital inclination will be progressively increased so that the spacecraft reaches higher solar latitudes (up to 34° towards the end of the mission), making detailed studies of the polar regions of the Sun possible for the first time. This paper presents the spacecraft and its intended trip around the Sun. We also discuss the main engineering challenges that had to be addressed during the development cycle, instrument integration, and testing of the spacecraft.
At high energy, exclusive meson photo- and electro-production give access to the structure of hadronic matter. At low momentum transfers, the exchange of a few Regge trajectories leads to a ...comprehensive account of the cross-sections. Among these trajectories, which are related to the mass spectrum of families of mesons, the Pomeron plays an interesting role as it is related to glue-ball excitations. At high momentum transfers, the exchange of these collective excitations is expected to reduce to the exchange of their simplest (quark or gluon) components. However, contributions from unitarity rescattering cuts are relevant even at high energies. In the JLab energy range, the asymptotic regime, where the players in the game are current quarks and massless gluons has not been reached yet. One has to rely on more effective degrees of freedom adapted to the scale of the probe. A consistent picture, the Partonic Non-Perturbative Regime, is emerging. The properties of its various components (dressed propagators, effective coupling constants, quark wave functions, shape of the Regge trajectories, etc) provide us with various links to hadron properties. I will review the status of the field, will put in perspective the current achievements at JLab, SLAC and Hermes, and will assess future developments that are made possible by continuous electron beams at higher energies.
Around θπ=90°, the coupling to the ρ0N channel leads to a good accounting of the charged pion exclusive photoproduction cross section in the energy range 3<Eγ<10 GeV, where experimental data exist. ...Starting from a Regge pole approach that successfully describes vector meson production, the singular part of the corresponding box diagrams (where the intermediate vector meson–baryon pair propagates on-shell) is evaluated without any further assumptions (unitarity). Such a treatment provides an explanation of the s−7 scaling of the cross section. Elastic rescattering of the charged pion improves the basic Regge pole model at forward and backward angles.
Backward angle (
u
-channel) scattering provides complementary information for studies of hadron spectroscopy and structure, but has been less comprehensively studied than the corresponding forward ...angle case. As a result, the physics of
u
-channel scattering poses a range of new experimental and theoretical opportunities and questions. We summarize recent progress in measuring and understanding high energy reactions with baryon charge exchange in the
u
-channel, as discussed in the first
Backward angle (u-channel) Physics Workshop
. In particular, we discuss backward angle measurements and their theoretical description via both hadronic models and the collinear factorization approach, and discuss planned future measurements of
u
-channel physics. Finally, we propose outstanding questions and challenges for
u
-channel physics.
A model for high energy pion and kaon photoproduction (
E
γ
≳ 4 GeV) is presented which interpolates between the low and higher momentum transfer regions. At low momentum transfer (which is described ...in terms of Regge trajectory exchanges), the model is able to give an economical description of unpolarized and polarized data for both the charged and neutral pion photoproduction reactions as well as for
K
+
Λ and
K
+
Σ photoproduction data, available at high energy. At higher momentum transfer, an extrapolation based on saturating Regge trajectories, and which satisfies scaling laws at asymptotically large transfers, is found able to describe the few existing
γp →
nπ
+ data. The model can be used as a guidance to interpret forthcoming data at larger momentum transfers.
At forward angles, the cross-sections of photoproduction of vector mesons (
ρ,
ω, and
φ) are well accounted for by the exchange of the Pomeron at high energies, while contributions of t channel ...exchange of Reggeons are significant at low energies. At large angles, the impact parameter becomes small enough to prevent their constituents to build up the exchanged Reggeons or Pomeron. Two gluon exchange appears to dominate above −
t≃1 GeV
2, especially in the
φ channel.
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