Red palm oil (RPO) is a natural source of Vitamin E (70-80% tocotrienol). It is a potent natural antioxidant that can be used in skin-care products. Its antioxidant property protects skin from ...inflammation and aging. In our work, a tocotrienol-rich RPO-based nanoemulsion formulation was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and formulated using high pressure homogenizer. Effect of the concentration of three independent variables surfactant (5-15 wt%), co-solvent (10-30 wt%) and homogenization pressure (500-700 bar) toward two response variables (droplet size, polydispersity index) was studied using central composite design (CCD) coupled to RSM. RSM analysis showed that the experimental data could be fitted into a second-order polynomial model and the coefficients of multiple determination (R2) is 0.9115. The optimized formulation of RPO-based nanoemulsion consisted of 6.09 wt% mixed surfactant Tween 80/Span 80 (63:37, wt), 20 wt% glycerol as a co-solvent via homogenization pressure (500 bar). The optimized tocotrienol-rich RPO-based nanoemulsion response values for droplet size and polydispersity index were 119.49nm and 0.286, respectively. The actual values of the formulated nanoemulsion were in good agreement with the predicted values obtained from RSM, thus the optimized compositions have the potential to be used as a nanoemulsion for cosmetic formulations.
Structured lipid is a type of modified form of lipid that is "fabricated" with the purpose to improve the nutritional and functional properties of conventional fats and oils derived from animal and ...plant sources. Such healthier choice of lipid received escalating attention from the public for its capability to manage the rising prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Of which, medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT) and medium-and long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT) are the few examples of the "new generation" custom-made healthful lipids which are mainly composed of medium chain fatty acid (MCFA). MCT is made up exclusively of MCFA whereas MLCT contains a mixture of MCFA and long chain fatty acid (LCFA), respectively. Attributed by the unique metabolism of MCFA which is rapidly metabolized by the body, MCFA and MCT showed to acquire multiple physiological and functional properties in managing and reversing certain health disorders. Several chemically or enzymatically oils and fats modification processes catalyzed by a biological or chemical catalyst such as acidolysis, interesterification and esterification are adopted to synthesis MCT and MLCT. With their purported health benefits, MCT and MLCT are widely being used as nutraceutical in food and pharmaceutical sectors. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on MCT and MLCT, with an emphasis on the basic understanding of its structures, properties, unique metabolism; the current status of the touted health benefits; latest routes of production; its up-to-date applications in the different food systems; relevant patents filed and its drawbacks
Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a world leading anti-obesity functional cooking oil synthesized via structural modification of conventional fats and oils. DAG exits in three stereoisomers namely sn-1,2-DAG, ...sn-1,3-DAG, and sn-2,3-DAG. DAG particularly sn-1,3-DAG demonstrated to have the potential in suppressing body fat accumulation and lowering postprandial serum triacylglycerol, cholesterol and glucose level. DAG also showed to improve bone health. This is attributed to DAG structure itself that caused it to absorb and digest via different metabolic pathway than conventional fats and oils. With its purported health benefits, many studies attempt to enzymatically or chemically synthesis DAG through various routes. DAG has also received wide attention as low calorie fat substitute and has been incorporated into various food matrixes. Despite being claimed as healthy cooking oil the safety of DAG still remained uncertain. DAG was banned from sale as it was found to contain probable carcinogen glycidol fatty acid esters. The article aims to provide a comprehensive and latest review of DAG emphasizing on its structure and properties, safety and regulation, process developments, metabolism and beneficial health attributes as well as its applications in the food industry.
•Formation of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters and glycidyl esters were studied.•3-MCPD esters decreased with an increase in frying duration.•3-MCPD esters increased when temperature and ...concentration of NaCl increased.•GEs increased when temperature, duration and concentration of NaCl increased.
The effects of frying duration, frying temperature and concentration of sodium chloride on the formation of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters (GEs) of refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm olein during deep-fat frying (at 160°C and 180°C) of potato chips (0%, 1%, 3% and 5% NaCl) for 100min/d for five consecutive days in eight systems were compared in this study. All oil samples collected after each frying cycle were analyzed for 3-MCPD esters, GEs, free fatty acid (FFA) contents, specific extinction at 232 and 268 nm (K232 and K268), p-anisidine value (pAV), and fatty acid composition. The 3-MCPD ester trend was decreasing when the frying duration increased, whereas the trend was increasing when frying temperature and concentration of NaCl increased. The GEs trend was increasing when the frying temperature, frying duration and concentration of NaCl increased. All of the oil qualities were within the safety limit.
Diacylglycerol (DAG) has been a research topic that is of great interest due to its multiple functionalities which enables its extensive use in various lipid systems besides of the sought-after ...health benefits. However, there are several drawbacks and safety risks which DAG demonstrated that limits its wide applications. This article aims to provide a review both on the desirable traits and the drawbacks of DAG.
This review encompassed several main sections including: (i) major pathways for the production of DAG followed by the techniques used to enhance the purity of DAG, (ii) health benefits, (iii) previous and recent DAG applications in the food industry, and (iv) the potential hazards or risks regarding the applications and consumption of DAG.
The use of enzymes which are regioselective and reusable, aids in increasing the DAG yield and purity besides of reducing production cost. DAG has been applied as an emulsifier, crystallization modifier and functional ingredient in various fat-based products which not only exhibited great functionalities but also with great health beneficial properties. Nonetheless, DAG exhibited inferior performance as cooking oil due to the low oxidative and thermal stability. The exposure to high temperature also potentially cause the formation of glycidyl fatty esters and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters. Future research can be performed to address the subjects on the low stability of DAG through synthesizing medium chain or medium-long chain DAG, incorporation of anti-oxidants or by microencapsulation technologies.
•Diacylgycerol (DAG) has a wide application in the food industry.•The conventional and recent pathways to synthesize high purity DAG are discussed.•Health benefits from consuming DAG and the application of DAG in food systems.•Drawbacks, potential risk and safety assessment of DAG.•Future research for improving the downside of DAG is suggested.
•Curcumin-loaded nanoliposomes were prepared using phospholipids and cholesterol.•The addition of cholesterol improved the encapsulation efficiency and storage stability.•Curcumin-loaded ...nanoliposomes can effectively inhibit Staphylococcus aureus.
Present study prepared curcumin-loaded nanoliposomes using bovine milk, krill phospholipids and cholesterol; and investigated the effects of cholesterol on membrane characteristics, storage stability and antibacterial properties of the curcumin nanoliposomes. Bovine milk phospholipids which have higher saturation than krill phospholipids resulted in formation of curcumin-loaded nanoliposomes with higher encapsulation efficiency (84.78%), larger absolute value of zeta potential and vesicle size (size: 159.15 ± 5.27 nm, zeta potential: −28.3 ± 0.62 mV). Cholesterol helps to formation of a more hydrophobic, compact and tighter bilayer membrane structure which improved the storage stability of nanoliposomes under alkaline (66.25 ± 0.46%), heat (43.25 ± 0.69%) and sunlight (49.44 ± 1.78%) conditions. In addition, curcumin-loaded nanoliposomes can effectively target infectious bacteria which secrete pore-forming toxins such as Staphylococcus aureus by causing the bacterial cell wall to lysis. Findings from present work can guide future development of novel antibacterial agents for use in food preservation.
•The MAC-ZIF-8 with good crystallinity was successfully synthesized for immobilization of nano-BCL.•The nano-BCL@MAC-ZIF-8 had high enzyme activity and can be recovered for consecutive hydrolysis ...reaction.•The MAC-ZIF-8 might be able to preserve nano-BCL in native configuration with high affinity for substrates.•The nano-BCL@MAC-ZIF-8 based biosensors can be used to detection nitrofen in real food systems.•The fabricated biosensors demonstrated wide linear range (0−114µM), low limit of detection (0.46µM) and good recovery rate.
Free biocatalyst such as lipase cannot be recovered and reused; and is extremely unstable in harsh reaction condition. Present study aimed to synthesize hierarchical ordered macro-microporous ZIF-8 structures (MAC-ZIF-8) for encapsulation of nano-Burkholderia cepacia lipase (nano BCL). The synthesized MAC-ZIF-8 has good crystallinity, thermal stability and high surface area which made it suitable for immobilization of nano-BCL. The MAC-ZIF-8 immobilized nano-BCL (nano-BCL@MAC-ZIF-8) demonstrated high enzyme activity (4.3778 U) and can be recovered and reused for consecutive hydrolysis reaction. It is found that the nano-BCL is well encapsulated with the macropores of the MAC-ZIF-8 structures and they are able to preserve their native configuration with high affinity for substrates (lower Km of 1.068 mM as compared to that of nano-BCL@ZIF-8). The nano-BCL@MAC-ZIF-8 can also be used to fabricate electrochemical biosensors for detection of nitrogenous diphenyl ether pesticides (nitrofen) in real food systems (apricots). The fabricated biosensors demonstrated wide linear range (0−114µM), low limit of detection (0.46µM) and good recovery rate. In comparison to conventional detection method, the fabricated biosensor also has added advantages in the form of easy and convenient operation, low cost, and better linear range.
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•Curcumin liposomes were prepared using bovine milk and krill phospholipids.•Curcumin liposomes produced from bovine milk phospholipids had higher storage stability.•Liposomes from ...krill phospholipids had higher in-vitro digestibility and bioavailability.•Phospholipids did not affect the antioxidative and antihyperglycemic of curcumin liposomes.
Present study prepared curcumin liposomes with high encapsulation efficiency (>70%) using bovine milk and krill phospholipids; and investigated the effects of phospholipids composition on storage stability, in-vitro bioavailability, antioxidative and anti-hyperglycemic properties of the curcumin liposomes. Curcumin liposomes prepared from bovine milk phospholipids have smaller particle sizes (163.1 ± 6.42 nm) and greater negative zeta potentials (−26.7 mv) as compared to that prepared from krill phospholipids (particle size: 212.2 ± 4.1 nm, zeta potential: −15.23 mv). In addition, curcumin liposomes from bovine milk phospholipids demonstrated better stability under harsh storage conditions (alkaline conditions, oxygen, high temperature and relative humidity). Nevertheless, curcumin-loaded liposomes prepared from bovine milk phospholipids have inferior bioavailability compared to that prepared from krill phospholipids. No significant differences can be observed in terms of anti-oxidative and anti-hyperglycemic properties of liposomes prepared from both bovine milk and krill phospholipids. Findings from present study will open up new opportunities for development of stable curcumin liposomes with good functional properties (high digestibility, bioavailability and pharmacological effects).
Abstract
Compared with conventional plant oils, diacylglycerol (DAG)‐based fats exhibit a higher melting point and could serve as a solid base oil for preparing specialty fats. In this study, ...different chain length DAG‐based solid fats were prepared, and the influences of acyl groups on the physical property, crystal microstructure, and crystallization kinetics of the binary solid fat phase were explored. The slipping melting point (SMP) of obtained medium chain‐DAG (MCD‐fats), medium‐long chain‐DAG (MLCD‐fats), and long chain‐DAG (LCD‐fats) fats were 35.67, 40.70, and 52.30°C, and their original β′ crystal content were 46.3%, 56.1%, and 66.9%, respectively. The solid fat content (SFC) profiles and crystallization properties were significantly affected as the fatty acid chain length and acylglycerols compositions changes. The microstructure of crystal in DAG‐fats got denser slowly during storage. DAG can delay the translation of crystal form and stabilize β′ crystal form, which is related to their three‐dimensional crystalline network changes. The hardness of MCD‐fats and LCD‐fats were higher than that of MLCD‐fats because of the acylglycerol compositions as well as fat crystals in DAG‐fats. Applying high melting point DAG as a novel base stock has an immense potential value in the production of specialty fats with low saturated fat, high stability, and decent operability.
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