Hemorrhagic pneumonia is a disease of farmed mink (Neovison vison) caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The disease is highly seasonal in Danish mink with outbreaks occurring almost exclusively in the ...autumn. Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been shown to augment infection with P. aeruginosa in mice and to promote adhesion of P. aeruginosa to human respiratory cells.
We tested 50 lung specimens from mink with hemorrhagic pneumonia for bovine RSV by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and for human RSV by a commercial real-time PCR. RSV was not found.
This study indicates that human and bovine RSV is not a major co-factor for development of hemorrhagic pneumonia in Danish mink.
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is an RNA virus that causes respiratory disease in a wide range of mammals including humans and pigs. Ca
v
1.2 is a specific voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC) ...important for the internalization of IAV and VDCC inhibitors can decrease IAV disease severity in mice. In this paper, the distribution pattern of a range of VDCCs by immunohistochemistry and Ca
v
1.2 by
in situ
hybridization in the porcine respiratory tract is documented for the first time. Furthermore, we showed co-localization of VDCC-positive and IAV-positive cells in experimentally infected pigs. These findings provide new perspectives on the IAV internalization process and pave the way for further research investigating the effect of VDDC inhibitors on the IAV infection dynamics in pigs, which could have relevance to humans too.
Veterinary and medical aspects of abortion in Danish sheep AGERHOLM, JØRGEN S.; AALBÆK, BENT; FOG-LARSEN, ANNE MARIE ...
APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica et immunologica Scandinavica,
February 2006, Letnik:
114, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The Danish sheep population totals around 144,000 animals, but little is known of the causes and prevalance of diseases. This study focuses on the causes of abortion in Danish sheep. During one ...breeding season, aborted foetuses and stillbirths with signs of intrauterine death or malformation were submitted for laboratory examination from a population of 3,758 breeding ewes. Samples from 24 incidents of abortion and 21 ewes delivering malformed lambs or lambs with ante partum decomposition were submitted. A specific aetiology was established in 66.7% and 14.3% of the cases, respectively. Bacterial pathogens were the most prevalent cause of abortion. Several of the abortifacients were zoonotic microorganisms, for example Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Toxoplasma gondii. The identified microorganisms probably represent the most common causes of abortion in Danish sheep but occurrence in Denmark of other pathogens such as Coxiella burnetii and Chlamydophila abortus cannot be excluded. Due to the high prevalence of zoonotic microorganisms, precautions must be taken in handling abortions or assisting lambing, especially for pregnant women.
Reassortant Influenza A Nissen, Jakob N; George, Sophie J; Hjulsager, Charlotte K ...
Emerging infectious diseases,
12/2021, Letnik:
27, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Background: Although the King's College Hospital (KCH) selection criteria for emergency liver transplantation in paracetamol‐induced acute liver failure are widely used, strategies to improve ...sensitivity and facilitate earlier transplantation are required. We investigated the use of arterial blood lactate measurement for the identification of transplantation candidates. Methods: In a single‐centre study, we measured arterial blood lactate early (median 4 h) and after fluid resuscitation (median 12 h) in patients admitted to a tertiary‐referral intensive‐care unit. Threshold values that best identified individuals likely to die without liver transplantation were derived in a retrospective initial sample of 103 patients with paracetamol‐induced acute liver failure and applied to a prospective validation sample of 107 patients. Predictive value and speed of identification were compared to those of the KCH criteria. Findings: In the initial sample, median lactate was significantly higher in non‐surviving patients than in survivors both in the early samples (8.5 range 1.7‐21.0 vs. 1.4 0.53‐7.9 mmol/L, p<0.0001) and after fluid resuscitation (5.5 1.3‐18.6 vs. 1.3 0.26‐3.2, p<0.0001). Applied to the validation sample, a threshold value of 3.5 mmol/L early after admission had sensitivity 67%, specificity 95%, positive likelihood ratio 13, and negative likelihood ratio 0.35; the corresponding values for a threshold of 3.0 mmol/L after fluid resuscitation were 76%, 97%, 30, and 0.24. Combined early and postresuscitation lactate concentrations had similar predictive ability to KCH criteria but identified non‐surviving patients earlier (4 3‐13 vs 10 3.5‐19.5 h, p=0.01). Addition of postresuscitation lactate concentration to KCH criteria increased sensitivity from 76% to 91% and lowered negative likelihood ratio from 0.25 to 0.10. Interpretation: Arterial blood lactate measurement rapidly and accurately identifies patients who will die from paracetamol‐induced acute liver failure. Its use could improve the speed and accuracy of selection of appropriate candidates for transplantation.
Absorption of drugs from subcutaneous tissue depends on several factors, including tissue perfusion at the administration site. Tissue perfusion can be manipulated by e.g. application of local heat. ...This may subsequently alter the rate or amount of absorption of drugs from a subcutaneous depot. The aim of the present study was to investigate if increased tissue perfusion after controlled local heating can change the absorption of subcutaneously administered short-acting insulin (Actrapid®, 100IU/ml). Thirteen healthy Caucasian males participated in two randomized experimental sessions; one session with locally applied controlled heat at the injection site, and a control session without local heat application. Tissue perfusion (blood flow) was monitored with Laser Doppler Imaging, and blood samples were taken to assess the levels of glucose and insulin. Local heat application at the site of insulin injection significantly enhanced tissue perfusion by approximately 145%. However, no correlation was found between insulin absorption and tissue perfusion. Based on our findings, it was concluded that tissue perfusion is not the rate-limiting factor in the absorption of high-concentration short-acting insulin from a subcutaneous depot. It is suggested that dissociation of insulin hexamers into dimers and monomers is a major rate limiting factor to the absorption.
To estimate the prevalence of Danish RA patients currently on biologic monotherapy and compare the effectiveness and drug adherence of biologic therapies applied as monotherapy.
All RA patients ...registered in the Danish biologics database (DANBIO) as receiving biologic DMARD (bDMARD) treatment as monotherapy without concomitant conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs) during the study period 1 May, 2011 through 30 April 2013 were eligible for inclusion. All patient files were checked to ensure that they were in accordance with the treatment registration in DANBIO. Descriptive statistics for prevalence, effectiveness and drug adherence of bDMARD monotherapy were calculated.
Of the 775 patients on bDMARD monotherapy, adalimumab (21.3%), etanercept (36.6%) and tocilizumab (15.3%) were the most prevalent biologic agents administered. At the 6-month follow-up, the overall crude clinical disease activity index remission rate in patients still on a biologic drug was 22%, the 28-joint DAS remission rate was 41% and the response rate of those with a 50% improvement in ACR criteria was 28%. At the 6-month follow-up, the drug adherence rates were similar for the different bDMARDs, with the exception of infliximab, which had significantly poorer drug adherence (P < 0.001). The overall drug adherence (except for infliximab) was approximately 70% after 2 years.
Nearly one in five (19%) biologic treatments for RA was prescribed in Denmark as monotherapy, of which 70% were on monotherapy from bio-initiation and 30% were on monotherapy after cessation of a concomitant csDMARD. Acceptable drug adherence and remission rates were achieved with bDMARDs. With the exception of infliximab, no statistically significant differences were observed between anti-TNFs and biologics with other modes of action.
The innate immune system is paramount in the response to and clearance of influenza A virus (IAV) infection in non-immune individuals. Known factors include type I and III interferons and antiviral ...pathogen recognition receptors, and the cascades of antiviral and pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression they induce. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly recognized to participate in post-transcriptional modulation of these responses, but the temporal dynamics of how these players of the antiviral innate immune response collaborate to combat infection remain poorly characterized. We quantified the expression of miRNAs and protein coding genes in the lungs of pigs 1, 3, and 14 days after challenge with swine IAV (H1N2). Through RT-qPCR we observed a 400-fold relative increase in IFN-lambda3 gene expression on day 1 after challenge, and a strong interferon-mediated antiviral response was observed on days 1 and 3 accompanied by up-regulation of genes related to the pro-inflammatory response and apoptosis. Using small RNA sequencing and qPCR validation we found 27 miRNAs that were differentially expressed after challenge, with the highest number of regulated miRNAs observed on day 3. In contrast, the number of protein coding genes found to be regulated due to IAV infection peaked on day 1. Pulmonary miRNAs may thus be aimed at fine-tuning the initial rapid inflammatory response after IAV infection. Specifically, we found five miRNAs (ssc-miR-15a, ssc-miR-18a, ssc-miR-21, ssc-miR-29b, and hsa-miR-590-3p)-four known porcine miRNAs and one novel porcine miRNA candidate-to be potential modulators of viral pathogen recognition and apoptosis. A total of 11 miRNAs remained differentially expressed 14 days after challenge, at which point the infection had cleared. In conclusion, the results suggested a role for miRNAs both during acute infection as well as later, with the potential to influence lung homeostasis and susceptibility to secondary infections in the lungs of pigs after IAV infection.
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![IFN-[lambda] and microRNAs ...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/1932-6203/small "IFN-[lambda] and microRNAs are important modulators of the pulmonary innate immune response against influenza A")