The visitation records of Otto Friedrich Buchheim, the Bishop of Ljubljana from 1641–1664, offer an insight into the rules governing the disposition of saintly figures in altar retables. The central ...place was accorded to the titular saint, while companion saints are positioned in pairs (separately for each level of the retable) in such a way that those of higher rank are placed on the more distinguished gospel side, whereas those of lower rank stand on the subordinate epistle side. The priority of one saint over another was not a matter of a random choice, but of a fixed hierarchical order which was created over the course of centuries in the Litany of All Saints and also in the hymns of the officium for All Saints Day; this hierarchy, as Buchheim remarks, is "in agreement with the general feeling of the Catholic Church". Ecclesiastical art in Slovenia shows that in the Gothic period the hierarchical principle governing the disposition of saintly figures was not yet firmly fixed, but it was fully established in the late Renaissance and Baroque periods, which coincides with the period of unification of the Litany of All Saints for the entire Catholic Church. Later it started to loosen again, yet it remained in force up to the 20th century.
Of the Gothic church which was erected at Homec after the miraculous apparition of the Blessed Virgin in 1419 only the lower part of the free-standing bell-tower has been preserved up to this day~in ...the times of Turkish incursions around 1500 it was adapted to serve as a defence tower as well. Since the condition of the old church had worsened and the building had also become too small, a new sanctuary was built on its northern side in 1723, and the next year the church was pulled down and a new nave was begun on its site~the building was completed in 1728.
Vizitacijski zapisniki ljubljanskega škofa Otona Friderika Buchheima (1641–1664) razkrivajo pravilo za dispozicijo svetniških figur na oltarnih nastavkih. Medtem ko titularnemu svetniku pripada ...osrednje mesto v nastavku, se spremljevalci razvrščajo v parih (v vsaki etaži posebej) tako, da stoji višje rangirani na odličnejši evangeljski, nižje rangirani pa na subordinirani listni strani. Pri tem ne gre za individualno odločitev o prednosti enega pred drugim, temveč za splošno uveljavljeno hierarhično lestvico, kot se je skozi čas izoblikovala v litanijah vseh svetnikov pa tudi v himnah oficija za praznik vseh svetih in je po Buchheimovih besedah »v skladu s splošnim čutenjem katoliške Cerkve«. Naša cerkvena umetnost kaže, da hierarhični princip postavitve oltarnih figur v gotiki še ni bil dosledno izoblikovan, odločneje pa se je uveljavil s pozno renesanso in barokom – kar sovpada s časom poenotenja litanij vseh svetnikov za vso katoliško Cerkev –, pozneje pa se je spet začel rahljati, čeprav je obveljal še tja v 20. stoletje.
Bishop Otto Friedrich Buchheim of Ljubljana documented the rules regarding the representation of saints in altarpieces in the mid-17th century. The titular saint held the central position. Companion ...saints were positioned in pairs on levels of the altarpiece, with those of higher ranks on the gospel side. Saints already were placed in a hierarchical order created over the centuries.
The aim of the study was to characterize and compare films made of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), nano-fibrils (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) in combination with chitosan and alginate in ...terms of applicability for potential food packaging applications. In total, 25 different formulations were made and evaluated, and seven biopolymer films with the best mechanical performance (tensile strength, strain)—alginate, alginate with 5% CNC, chitosan, chitosan with 3% CNC, BNC with and without glycerol, and CNF with glycerol—were selected and investigated regarding morphology (SEM), density, contact angle, surface energy, water absorption, and oxygen and water barrier properties. Studies revealed that polysaccharide-based films with added CNC are the most suitable for packaging purposes, and better dispersing of nanocellulose in chitosan than in alginate was observed. Results showed an increase in hydrophobicity (increase of contact angle and reduced moisture absorption) of chitosan and alginate films with the addition of CNC, and chitosan with 3% CNC had the highest contact angle, 108 ± 2, and 15% lower moisture absorption compared to pure chitosan. Overall, the ability of nanocellulose additives to preserve the structure and function of chitosan and alginate materials in a humid environment was convincingly demonstrated. Barrier properties were improved by combining the biopolymers, and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) was reduced by 15–45% and oxygen permeability (OTR) up to 45% by adding nanocellulose compared to single biopolymer formulations. It was concluded that with a good oxygen barrier, a water barrier that is comparable to PLA, and good mechanical properties, biopolymer films would be a good alternative to conventional plastic packaging used for ready-to-eat foods with short storage time.
Our study presents a comprehensive approach for the selective oxidation of glucose to glucaric acid (GA) by heterogeneous catalysis. We have synthesized and characterized Au/ZrO2, AuCu/ZrO2 and ...AuPt/ZrO2 catalysts using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and oxygen pulse chemisorption (OPS) techniques. Combining experimental observations with in-depth density functional theory (DFT) studies, we found that bimetallic catalysts form alloys, which exhibit different characteristics than monometallic counterparts for the given reaction. We performed batch reactions, varying temperature and oxygen pressure, and used the data to construct a predictive microkinetic model. As it turned out, AuPt/ZrO2 showed the highest selectivity, yielding 32% of GA at 100 °C and 30 barg O2. Our results provide valuable insights for the developing of efficient catalysts and point out the bottlenecks for the oxidation of glucose to GA.
Display omitted
•Oxygen adsorption on bimetallic catalysts was significantly increased.•DFT predicted catalyst composition was critical to balance oxygen activation.•Au-based bimetallic catalysts exhibited different reaction kinetics and selectivity.•Fine-tuning composition is critical to prevent over-oxidation.•The bimetallic AuPt/ZrO2 catalyst showed the highest glucaric acid yield (32%).
PDF
