In childhood, diagnoses made at the first admission to a psychiatric unit are frequently unstable and temporary. In this study, we examined the stability of DSM-IV-TR disorders and groups of ...disorders among adolescents followed-up for 5 years after hospitalization.
All inpatients admitted for the first time between 2007 and 2008 were included and contacted after 5 years for re-evaluation. The final sample comprised 72 patients. At admission, diagnoses were based on the DSM-IV-TR criteria, Fourth Edition. At five years, diagnoses were made using structured clinical interviews for DSM-IV axis I Disorders and for axis II (SCID-I and SCID-II) as well as the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire, Fourth Edition (PDQ-4). We also evaluated and collected information on the global assessment of functioning using the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) instrument. Depending on the distribution of variables, we used the chi-squared and Fisher exact tests or the Student t and McNemar tests for statistical analyses.
The most stable diagnoses were schizophrenia spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder. The most unstable diagnoses were disruptive disorders. Participants were satisfied with their quality of life and the global outcomes of the sample were positive.
Major psychiatric disorders, including mood and schizophrenia spectrum disorders, were significantly more stable than other diagnoses and tended to continue into adulthood. In the case of study participants, suffering a mental disorder during adolescence did not appear to affect global functioning outcomes.
To our knowledge, the association of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and academic performance has not been objectively quantified.
To investigate the association of OCD with objectively measured ...educational outcomes in a nationwide cohort, adjusting for covariates and unmeasured factors shared between siblings.
This population-based birth cohort study included 2 115 554 individuals who were born in Sweden between January 1, 1976, and December 31, 1998, and followed up through December 31, 2013. Using the Swedish National Patient Register and previously validated International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes, we identified persons with OCD; within the cohort, we identified 726 198 families with 2 or more full siblings, and identified 11 482 families with full siblings discordant for OCD. Data analyses were conducted from October 1, 2016, to September 25, 2017.
The study evaluates the following educational milestones: eligibility to access upper secondary school after compulsory education, finishing upper secondary school, starting a university degree, finishing a university degree, and finishing postgraduate education.
Of the 2 115 554 individuals in the cohort, 15 120 were diagnosed with OCD (59% females). Compared with unexposed individuals, those with OCD were significantly less likely to pass all core and additional courses at the end of compulsory school (adjusted odds ratio aOR range, 0.35-0.60) and to access a vocational or academic program in upper secondary education (aOR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.45-0.50 and aOR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.58-0.63, for vocational and academic programs, respectively). People with OCD were also less likely to finish upper secondary education (aOR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.41-0.44), start a university degree (aOR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.69-0.75), finish a university degree (aOR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.56-0.62), and finish postgraduate education (aOR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.36-0.77). The results were similar in the sibling comparison models. Individuals diagnosed with OCD before age 18 years showed worse educational attainment across all educational levels compared with those diagnosed at or after age 18 years. Exclusion of patients with comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders, psychotic, anxiety, mood, substance use, and other psychiatric disorders resulted in attenuated estimates, but patients with OCD were still impaired across all educational outcomes.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder, particularly when it has an early onset, is associated with a pervasive and profound decrease in educational attainment, spanning from compulsory school to postgraduate education.
Previous studies have shown high rates of comorbid disorders in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder, but failed to compare them with general population and few of them have ...identified predictors of comorbidity. This study compared the rates of psychiatric disorders in 50 children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder, 24 of their siblings, 32 controls from general population and 22 of their siblings. Children and adolescent with autism spectrum disorder and their siblings had higher rates of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder compared to controls. Lower socioeconomic status and intelligence quotient were the main risk factors. The contribution of socioeconomic status and intelligence quotient to increase the risk of developing comorbidity in autism spectrum disorder and psychopathology in their siblings deserves further study.
A través del perfil de TikTok de Charity Ekezie, este estudio investiga el uso de esta plataforma como medio alternativo para combatir la imagen negativa asociada al África subsahariana. Se ha ...adoptado un enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo, seleccionando de forma no probabilista intencional, los cuarenta y cinco vídeos que han tenido más repercusión entre 2022 y 2023 en el perfil de la tiktoker. El objetivo del estudio se ha centrado en analizar los temas tratados en los contenidos generados en el perfil de TikTok de Charity Ekezie, especialmente aquellos temas que, de alguna manera, perpetúan los estereotipos sobre el continente africano. Los resultados del análisis demuestran que la comunicación de Ekezie es eficaz a la hora de presentar historias del continente desde su propia perspectiva, contribuyendo así a la difusión de narrativas positivas y en el cambio de las percepciones estereotipadas que gran parte de sus seguidores no africanos tienen sobre África.
The
Child Obsessive-Compulsive Impact Scale
(COIS-R) is a parent- and self-report measure of the impairment related to Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) symptoms. Previous research has demonstrated ...the reliability and validity of the original version of the COIS-R; to date, however, the scale has not been validated for use in Spanish samples of pediatric OCD. The present study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of this in a clinical sample of pediatric OCD (n = 91). Analyses of internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity were conducted. For both the COIS-R report scales estimates similar to those in the original instrument were obtained for internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity. Thus, the Spanish version of the COIS-R seems to retain sound psychometric properties of its original version; it appears to be a reliable instrument for the assessment of obsessive–compulsive impairment and the effects of treatment, and can be used in other cultural contexts.
Abstract Background Alterations in white matter (WM) integrity observed in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) may be at least partly determined genetically. Neuroimaging measures of WM ...microstructure could serve as promising intermediate phenotypes for genetic analysis of the disorder. The objective of the present study was to explore the association between variability in genes related to the pathophysiology of OCD and altered WM microstructure previously identified in child and adolescent patients with the disease. Methods Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) measured by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and 262 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 35 candidate genes were assessed concomitantly in 54 child and adolescent OCD patients. Results Six polymorphisms located in the glutamate transporter gene ( SLC1A1 rs3087879), dopamine transporter gene ( SLC6A3 rs4975646), dopamine receptor D3 ( DRD3 rs3773679), nerve growth factor receptor gene ( NGFR rs734194 and rs2072446), and cadherin 9 gene ( CDH9 rs6885387) showed significant p -values after Bonferroni correction ( p ≤0.00019). More specifically, the vast majority of these associations were detected with MD in the right and left anterior and posterior cerebellar lobes. Limitations Patients were under pharmacological treatment at the time of the DTI examination. Sample size is limited. Conclusions The results provide the first evidence of the involvement of genetic variants related to glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and neurodevelopmental pathways in determining the WM microstructure of child and adolescent patients with OCD, which could be related to the neurobiology of the disorder.
To determine the efficacy of group cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who were in pharmacological treatment but still had ...persistent symptoms.
We conducted a multicenter, randomized, rater-blinded, controlled trial between April 2012 and May 2014 in a cohort of 119 adolescents (15-21 years of age). Participants were randomly assigned to 12 manualized group CBT sessions (n = 45) or a waiting list control group (n = 44). Primary outcomes were assessed by a blinded evaluator (ADHD Rating Scale ADHD-RS, Clinical Global Impression Scale for Severity CGI-S, Global Assessment of Functioning GAF) before and after treatment, as well as by self-report and parent informant ratings.
Of the initial 119 participants enrolled, 89 completed treatment. A mixed-effects model analysis revealed that participants who were assigned to the group CBT sessions experienced significantly reduced ADHD symptoms compared to the control group (ADHD-RS Adolescent: -7.46, 95% CI = -9.56 to -5.36, p < .001, d = 7.5; ADHD-RS Parents: -9.11, 95% CI = -11.48 to -6.75, p < .001, d = 8.38; CGI-S Self-Report: -0.68, 95% CI = -0.98 to -0.39, p < .001, d = 3.75; CGI-S Clinician: -0.79, 95% CI = -0.95 to -0.62, p < .001; d = 7.71). Functional impairment decreased significantly in the CBT group according to parents (Weiss Functional Impairment Scale -4.02, 95% CI = -7.76 to -0.29, p < .05, d = 2.29) and according to the blinded evaluator (GAF: -7.58, 95% CI = -9.1 to -6.05, p < .001, d = 7.51).
Group CBT associated with pharmacological treatment is an efficacious intervention for reducing ADHD symptoms and functional impairment in adolescents. Clinical trial registration information-CBT Group for Adolescents With ADHD: a Randomized Controlled Trial; http://clinicaltrials.gov/; NCT02172183.
•Reports an umbrella review of potential diagnostic biomarkers in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).•Several biomarkers showed convincing evidence of association with OCD.•None of the biomarkers ...seems to have diagnostic specificity.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been associated with a wide range of biological and neurocognitive findings, which could assist in the search for biomarkers. We conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses to assess and grade the strength of the evidence of the association between OCD and several potential diagnostic biomarkers while controlling for several potential biases. Twenty-four systematic reviews and meta-analyses were included, comprising 352 individual studies, more than 10,000 individuals with OCD, and covering 73 potential biomarkers. OCD was significantly associated with several neurocognitive biomarkers, with varying degrees of evidence, ranging from weak to convincing. A number of biochemical, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging biomarkers also showed statistically significant, albeit weak, associations with OCD. Analyses in unmedicated samples (123 studies) weakened the strength of the evidence for most biomarkers or rendered them non-significant. None of the biomarkers seem to have sufficient sensitivity and specificity to become a diagnostic biomarker. A more promising avenue for future biomarker research in OCD might be the prediction of clinical outcomes rather than diagnosis.
This study investigates the activation of sewage sludge char through partial oxidation with molecular oxygen with the goal to increase the concentration of oxygen-containing surface functional groups ...and to enhance its ammonium adsorption capacity. The effects of oxidation temperature (200–350 °C), oxygen concentration (5–21 vol %) and oxidation time (30–120 min) on the degree of char oxidation are analyzed. The results obtained by thermogravimetric and elemental analysis, and Fourier Transform Infrared and X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy corroborate the incorporation of oxygenated functional groups on the surface of sewage sludge char either at low temperature (200 °C) using air or at higher temperature (350 °C) using 5% O2 for 30 min. The oxidation of sewage sludge char hardly increases its specific surface area. The operating conditions during oxidation must be carefully controlled to avoid runaway reactions that lead to total oxidation of char. The evolution of CO and CO2 during oxidation is a good indicator of the advance of the oxidation/burn-off reactions. The ammonium adsorption capacity of sewage sludge char increases after oxidation under mild operating conditions, providing support to the idea of onsite utilization of sewage sludge as ammonium adsorbent in waste water treatment plants. This would provide a step forward towards the implementation of a circular economy.
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•Sewage sludge char oxidation at 200 °C with air increases the amount of O- groups on its surface.•Oxygen incorporated in the sewage sludge char can be ascribed to C, N and S oxidation.•Oxidation of sewage sludge char hardly improves the specific surface area of the chars.•Air oxidation of sewage sludge char at 200 °C improves its NH4+ adsorption capacity.
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