Let $G$ be a complex simply-laced semisimple algebraic group of rank $r$ and $B$ a Borel subgroup. Let $\mathbf i \in r^n$ be a word and let $\boldsymbol{\ell} = (\ell_1,\dots,\ell_n)$ be a sequence ...of non-negative integers. Grossberg and Karshon introduced a virtual lattice polytope associated to $\mathbf i$ and $\boldsymbol{\ell}$ called a twisted cube, whose lattice points encode the character of a $B$-representation. More precisely, lattice points in the twisted cube, counted with sign according to a certain density function, yields the character of the generalized Demazure module determined by $\mathbf i$ and $\boldsymbol{\ell}$. In recent work, the author and Harada described precisely when the Grossberg–Karshon twisted cube is untwisted, i.e., the twisted cube is a closed convex polytope, in the situation when the integer sequence $\boldsymbol{\ell}$ comes from a weight $\lambda$ of $G$. However, not every integer sequence $\boldsymbol{\ell}$ comes from a weight of $G$. In the present paper, we interpret the untwistedness of Grossberg–Karshon twisted cubes associated with any word $\mathbf i$ and any integer sequence $\boldsymbol{\ell}$ using the combinatorics of $\mathbf i$ and $\boldsymbol{\ell}$. Indeed, we prove that the Grossberg–Karshon twisted cube is untwisted precisely when $\mathbf i$ is hesitant-jumping-$\boldsymbol{\ell}$-walk-avoiding.
The closure of a generic torus orbit in the flag variety G/B of type An−1 is known to be a permutohedral variety and well studied. In this paper we introduce the notion of a generic torus orbit in ...the Schubert variety Xw(w∈Sn) and study its closure Yw. We identify the maximal cone in the fan of Yw corresponding to a fixed point uB(u≤w), associate a graph Γw(u) to each u≤w, and show that Yw is smooth at uB if and only if Γw(u) is a forest. We also introduce a polynomial Aw(t) for each w, which agrees with the Eulerian polynomial when w is the longest element of Sn, and show that the Poincaré polynomial of Yw agrees with Aw(t2) when Yw is smooth.
In this paper, we propose a new method for constructing a bilinear pairing over (hyper)elliptic curves, which we call the R-ate pairing. This pairing is a generalization of the Ate and Ate i pairing, ...and can be computed more efficiently. Using the R-ate pairing, the loop length in Miller's algorithm can be as small as log (r 1/phi(k) ) some pairing-friendly elliptic curves which have not reached this lower bound. Therefore, we obtain savings of between 29% and 69% in overall costs compared to the Ate i pairing. On supersingular hyperelliptic curves of genus 2, we show that this approach makes the loop length in Miller's algorithm shorter than that of the Ate pairing.
The role that frontal-striatal circuits play in normal behavior remains unclear. Two of the leading hypotheses suggest that these circuits are important for action selection or reinforcement ...learning. To examine these hypotheses, we carried out an experiment in which monkeys had to select actions in two different task conditions. In the first (random) condition, actions were selected on the basis of perceptual inference. In the second (fixed) condition, the animals used reinforcement from previous trials to select actions. Examination of neural activity showed that the representation of the selected action was stronger in lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC), and occurred earlier in the lPFC than it did in the dorsal striatum (dSTR). In contrast to this, the representation of action values, in both the random and fixed conditions, was stronger in the dSTR. Thus, the dSTR contains an enriched representation of action value, but it followed frontal cortex in action selection.
► Prefrontal cortex does action selection ► The striatum represents action value
Action selection and action value are often attributed to the striatum. Here, Seo et al. find that actions based on perceptual inference are selected in the lateral prefrontal cortex before the dorsal striatum. The dorsal striatum, however, represents action values across task conditions.
The effect of Langmuir circulation (LC) on vertical mixing is parameterized in the ocean mixed layer model (OMLM), based on the analysis of large-eddy simulation (LES) results. Parameterization of LC ...effects is carried out in terms of the modifications of the mixing length scale as well as the inclusion of the contribution from the Stokes force in momentum and TKE equations. The performance of the new OMLM is examined by comparing with LES results, together with sensitivity tests for empirical constants used in the parameterization. The new OMLM is then applied to the ocean general circulation model (OGCM) Meteorological Research Institute Community Ocean Model (MRI.COM), and its effect is investigated. The new OMLM helps to correct too shallow mixed layer depths (MLDs) in the high-latitude ocean, which has been a common error in most OGCMs, without making the thermocline in the tropical ocean more diffused. The parameterization of LC effects is found to affect mainly the high-latitude ocean, in which the MLD is shallow in summer and stratification is weak in winter.
The water quality of the Dongjin River deteriorates during the irrigation period because the supply of river maintenance water to the main river is cut off by the mass intake of agricultural weirs ...located in the midstream regions. A physics-based model and a data-driven model were used to predict the water quality in the Dongjin River under various hydrological conditions. The Hydrological Simulation Program–Fortran (HSPF), which is a physics-based model, was constructed to simulate the biological oxygen demand (BOD) in the Dongjin River Basin. A Gamma Test was used to derive the optimal combinations of the observed variables, including external water inflow, water intake, rainfall, and flow rate, for irrigation and non-irrigation periods. A data-driven adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model was then built using these results. The ANFIS model built in this study was capable of predicting the BOD from the observed hydrological data in the irrigation and non-irrigation periods, without running the physics-based model. The predicted results have high confidence levels when compared with the observed data. Thus, the proposed method can be used for the reliable and rapid prediction of water quality using only monitoring data as input.
This article proposes translingual dispositions as a way to move beyond the NES/NNES dichotomy in understanding language teacher identity. Recent scholarship in TESOL and Applied Linguistics has ...problematized the NES/NNES binary from a poststructuralist perspective, highlighting how NES/NNES subjectivities are discursively and performatively (co-)constructed and negotiated. Despite the efforts to empower NNESs, the very binary reifies monolingual ideologies. This article argues that translingual dispositions can help move beyond the binary and complicate theorization of teachers' identities and practice. To illustrate, we report an ethnographic case study of a "NES" teacher, Daphne, and examine how Daphne's translingual dispositions shape her teaching and facilitate her students' creative negotiation of monolingual norms in a writing course. We conclude by discussing future research directions and the implications for language teacher education in fostering translingual dispositions.
Drawing on discussions of (de)coloniality and translanguaging, this article reports findings from a classroom-based ethnographic study, focusing on how a self-identified Latina bilingual student ...resists colonial constructs of language and literacies in her multimodal project. Based on an analysis of the student’s multimodal composition, other classroom writings, and a semistructured interview, I examine how she creatively and critically draws on her entire language and literacy repertoire in her multimodal composing. More specifically, I demonstrate how she draws from and builds on her lived experiences of linguistic injustices and racialization and transforms such experiences into embodied knowledge making and sharing through her multimodal composing. I argue that students’ engagement with multimodality can and should be cultivated, sustained, and amplified as a site of translingual activism and justice with decolonial potential, and I suggest, further, that such a shift requires a change in approaching, reading, and valuing students’ multimodal meaning making.
Monitoring of avian populations in Janghang Wetland, Goyang, Republic of Korea (ROK) is based on citizen science (also called community-based monitoring). This monitoring data can be used to track ...avian density, population status and waterbird census at local, national and regional levels. The Ministry of Environment (MoE) ROK has surveyed since 1999, including Odusan Unification Tower to Ilsan Bride, which connects the cities of Gimpo and Goyang along the Han River estuary. However, it has not covered Janghang Wetland, which is located in the Han River estuary at the transboundary between the two Koreas. The Janghang Wetland is a protected wetland in the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between the two Koreas. In 2019, Janghang Wetland was designated as a Flyway Network Site by Goyang City and the East Asian-Australasian Flyway Partnership. This Network site is a voluntary collaboration and includes many internationally significant wetlands for waterbirds that still lack formal national protection. In addition, it was designated as a Ramsar site in 2021. The wetland currently supports wintering population of White-naped Crane (
), species listed as vulnerable and Tundra Bean Goose (
), spring-autumn migration population of Swan Goose (
), species listed as vulnerable and a breeding population of Black-faced Spoonbill (
), species listed as endangered in summer.
We provide data that the Janghang Wetland is a significant area for migration and breeding for waterbirds; and that Han River estuary is also internationally important for waterbirds during the migratory bird season. We observed 14 orders, 42 families and 132 species. The surveys also observed the critically-endangered Black-faced Spoonbill (
), Swan Goose (
), White-naped Crane (
), Whooper Swan (
) and Peregrine Falcon (
). We also observed the Black-faced Spoonbill, Great Egret, Little Egret, Great Cormorant, Eastern Spot-billed Duck, Pheasant and Brown-eared Bulbul at the sensor camera point and White-naped Crane, Hooded Crane, Bean Goose, White-fronted Goose, Snow Goose, Swan Goose, Great Cormorant and Eastern Spot-billed Duck at the closed-circuit television camera point from the camera-trap surveys. Based on the species recorded, the survey area is of clear importance for biodiversity conservation.
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