Along with the growing threat of cyberattacks, cybersecurity has become one of the most important areas of the Internet of Things (IoT). The purpose of IoT cybersecurity is to reduce cybersecurity ...risk for organizations and users through the protection of IoT assets and privacy. New cybersecurity technologies and tools provide potential for better IoT security management. However, there is a lack of effective IoT cyber risk management frameworks for managers. This paper reviews IoT cybersecurity technologies and cyber risk management frameworks. Then, this paper presents a four-layer IoT cyber risk management framework. This paper also applies a linear programming method for the allocation of financial resources to multiple IoT cybersecurity projects. An illustration is provided as a proof of concept.
A service robot performs various professional services and domestic/personal services useful for organizations and humans in many application domains. Currently, the service robot industry is growing ...rapidly along with the technological advances of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In light of the great interest and potential of service robots, this study conducts a systematic review of the past and current research in service robots. This study examines the development activities for service robots across applications and industries and categorizes the service robots into four types. The categorization provides us with insights into the unique research activities and practices in each category of service robots. Then, this study analyzes the technological foundation that applies to all four categories of service robots. Finally, this study discusses opportunities and challenges that are understudied but potentially important for the future research of service robots.
Vascular calcification (VC), which is categorized by intimal and medial calcification, depending on the site(s) involved within the vessel, is closely related to cardiovascular disease. Specifically, ...medial calcification is prevalent in certain medical situations, including chronic kidney disease and diabetes. The past few decades have seen extensive research into VC, revealing that the mechanism of VC is not merely a consequence of a high-phosphorous and -calcium milieu, but also occurs via delicate and well-organized biologic processes, including an imbalance between osteochondrogenic signaling and anticalcific events. In addition to traditionally established osteogenic signaling, dysfunctional calcium homeostasis is prerequisite in the development of VC. Moreover, loss of defensive mechanisms, by microorganelle dysfunction, including hyper-fragmented mitochondria, mitochondrial oxidative stress, defective autophagy or mitophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, may all contribute to VC. To facilitate the understanding of vascular calcification, across any number of bioscientific disciplines, we provide this review of a detailed updated molecular mechanism of VC. This encompasses a vascular smooth muscle phenotypic of osteogenic differentiation, and multiple signaling pathways of VC induction, including the roles of inflammation and cellular microorganelle genesis.
Background The optimal technique for removal of diminutive or small colorectal polyps is debatable. Objective To compare the complete resection rates of cold snare polypectomy (CSP) and cold forceps ...polypectomy (CFP) for the removal of adenomatous polyps ≤7 mm. Design Prospective randomized controlled study. Setting A university hospital. Patients A total of 139 patients who were found to have ≥1 colorectal adenomatous polyps ≤7 mm. Interventions Polyps were randomized to be treated with either CSP or CFP. After the initial polypectomy, additional EMR was performed at the polypectomy site to assess the presence of residual polyp tissue. Main Outcome Measurements Absence of residual polyp tissue in the EMR specimen of the polypectomy site was defined as complete resection. Results Among a total of 145 polyps, 128 (88.3%) were adenomatous polyps. The overall complete resection rate for adenomatous polyps was significantly higher in the CSP group compared with the CFP group (57/59, 96.6% vs 57/69, 82.6%; P = .011). Although the complete resection rates for adenomatous polyps ≤4 mm were not different (27/27, 100% vs 31/32, 96.9%; P = 1.000), the complete resection rates for adenomatous polyps sized 5 to 7 mm was significantly higher in the CSP group compared with the CFP group (30/32, 93.8% vs 26/37, 70.3%; P = .013). Limitations Single-center study. Conclusion CSP is recommended for the complete resection of colorectal adenomatous polyps ≤7 mm. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT01665898.)
Process Identification and PID Controlenables students and researchers to understand the basic concepts of feedback control, process identification, autotuning as well as design and implement ...feedback controllers, especially, PID controllers. The first The first two parts introduce the basics of process control and dynamics, analysis tools (Bode plot, Nyquist plot) to characterize the dynamics of the process, PID controllers and tuning, advanced control strategies which have been widely used in industry. Also, simple simulation techniques required for practical controller designs and research on process identification and autotuning are also included. Part 3 provides useful process identification methods in real industry. It includes several important identification algorithms to obtain frequency models or continuous-time/discrete-time transfer function models from the measured process input and output data sets. Part 4 introduces various relay feedback methods to activate the process effectively for process identification and controller autotuning. Combines the basics with recent research, helping novice to understand advanced topicsBrings several industrially important topics together:DynamicsProcess identificationController tuning methodsWritten by a team of recognized experts in the areaIncludes all source codes and real-time simulated processes for self-practiceContains problems at the end of every chapterPowerPoint files with lecture notes available for instructor use
The effects of prior austenite (γ) grain boundaries and microstructural morphology on the impact toughness of an annealed Fe-7Mn-0.1C-0.5Si medium Mn steel were investigated for two different ...microstructure states, namely, hot-rolled and annealed (HRA) specimens and cold-rolled and annealed (CRA) specimens. Both types of specimens had a dual-phase microstructure consisting of retained austenite (γR) and ferrite (α) after intercritical annealing at 640 °C for 30 min. The phase fractions and the chemical composition of γR were almost identical in both types of specimens. However, their microstructural morphology was different. The HRA specimens had lath-shaped morphology and the CRA specimens had globular-shaped morphology. We find that both types of specimens showed transition in fracture mode from ductile and partly quasi-cleavage fracture to intergranular fracture with decreasing impact test temperature from room temperature to −196 °C. The HRA specimen had higher ductile to brittle transition temperature and lower low-temperature impact toughness compared to the CRA specimen. This was due to intergranular cracking in the HRA specimens along prior γ grain boundaries decorated by C, Mn and P. In the CRA specimen intergranular cracking occurred along the boundaries of the very fine α and α′ martensite grains. The results reveal that cold working prior to intercritical annealing promotes the elimination of the solute-decorated boundaries of coarse prior γ grains through the recrystallization of αʹ martensite prior to reverse transformation, hence improving the low-temperature impact toughness of medium Mn steel.
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In this work, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in coordinated direct and relay transmission (CDRT) is introduced, where a base station (BS) directly communicates with user equipment 1 (UE1) ...while communicating with user equipment 2 (UE2) only through a relay. The main challenge of nonorthogonal CDRT can be solved by using the inherent property of NOMA that allows a receiver to obtain side information such as other TIE's data for interference cancellation. Analytical expressions for outage probability and ergodic sum capacity are provided. It is shown that the proposed NOMA in CDRT provides remarkable performance gain compared with NOMA in non-coordinated direct and relay transmission (nCDRT); the sum capacity scaling of the proposed scheme is log ρ b as signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) ρ b increases, but 1/2log ρ b for NOMA in nCDRT. Exact and closed-form expressions for outage probability of each stream for UE1 and UE2 are respectively derived, and it is shown that the achievable diversity orders for each stream are same as one.
In this letter, we propose the cooperative relaying system using non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) to improve the spectral efficiency. The achievable average rate of the proposed system is ...analyzed for independent Rayleigh fading channels, and also its asymptotic expression is provided. In addition, a suboptimal power allocation scheme for NOMA used at the source is proposed.
Recent developments in genome sequencing have expanded the knowledge of genetic factors associated with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Among them, genetic variant ε4 of the APOE gene (APOE4) ...confers the greatest disease risk. Dysregulated glucose metabolism is an early pathological feature of AD. Using isogenic ApoE3 and ApoE4 astrocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells, we find that ApoE4 increases glycolytic activity but impairs mitochondrial respiration in astrocytes. Ultrastructural and autophagy flux analyses show that ApoE4-induced cholesterol accumulation impairs lysosome-dependent removal of damaged mitochondria. Acute treatment with cholesterol-depleting agents restores autophagic activity, mitochondrial dynamics, and associated proteomes, and extended treatment rescues mitochondrial respiration in ApoE4 astrocytes. Taken together, our study provides a direct link between ApoE4-induced lysosomal cholesterol accumulation and abnormal oxidative phosphorylation.
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•Human ApoE4 astrocytes display increased glycolytic activity and reduced OXPHOS•ApoE4 induces defective autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction in human astrocytes•Mitigating cholesterol burden restores mitochondrial respiration in ApoE4 astrocytes
Lee et al. identify ApoE4-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction in human astrocytes and its underlying mechanisms. This study suggests the detrimental effects of ApoE4 on brain metabolism, especially in the later stages of life when the brain greatly depends on oxidative respiration for its function.
Cloud computing has rapidly penetrated enterprise and user computing markets with three prominent service models: software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and infrastructure as a ...service (IaaS). Cloud computing has also proven to be one of the most important environmentally sustainable technological innovations in the year of Industrial Revolution 4.0. While SaaS and IaaS are the two largest revenue generating services in the cloud service market, the pricing and profit generating mechanisms of the SaaS and IaaS providers have not yet been well understood. Unless the SaaS providers’ profit-maximizing decision is considered, any pricing decision by the IaaS providers is likely to be suboptimal. Hence, this paper proposes a Stackelberg game pricing decision model with the aim of maximizing the profit of the IaaS provider, given the best response of the SaaS provider. This paper develops an analytical closed-form solution to the pricing problem and presents sensitivity analyses to give valuable insights into the pricing dynamics and negotiation between the SaaS provider and IaaS provider. Finally, implications of these findings and future research directions are discussed.
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