In cancer patients, metastasis of tumors to sentinel lymph nodes (LNs) predicts disease progression and often guides treatment decisions. The mechanisms underlying tumor LN metastasis are poorly ...understood. By using comparative transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses of primary and LN-metastatic tumors in mice, we found that LN metastasis requires that tumor cells undergo a metabolic shift toward fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Transcriptional coactivator yes-associated protein (YAP) is selectively activated in LN-metastatic tumors, leading to the up-regulation of genes in the FAO signaling pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of FAO or genetic ablation of YAP suppressed LN metastasis in mice. Several bioactive bile acids accumulated to high levels in the metastatic LNs, and these bile acids activated YAP in tumor cells, likely through the nuclear vitamin D receptor. Inhibition of FAO or YAP may merit exploration as a potential therapeutic strategy for mitigating tumor metastasis to LNs.
Abstract
The pure Kitaev honeycomb model harbors a quantum spin liquid in zero magnetic fields, while applying finite magnetic fields induces a topological spin liquid with non-Abelian anyonic ...excitations. This latter phase has been much sought after in Kitaev candidate materials, such as
α
-RuCl
3
. Currently, two competing scenarios exist for the intermediate field phase of this compound (
B
= 7 − 10 T), based on experimental as well as theoretical results: (i) conventional multiparticle magnetic excitations of integer quantum number vs. (ii) Majorana fermionic excitations of possibly non-Abelian nature with a fractional quantum number. To discriminate between these scenarios a detailed investigation of excitations over a wide field-temperature phase diagram is essential. Here, we present Raman spectroscopic data revealing low-energy quasiparticles emerging out of a continuum of fractionalized excitations at intermediate fields, which are contrasted by conventional spin-wave excitations. The temperature evolution of these quasiparticles suggests the formation of bound states out of fractionalized excitations.
As is frequently seen in sci‐fi movies, future electronics are expected to ultimately be in the form of wearable electronics. To realize wearable electronics, the electric components should be soft, ...flexible, and even stretchable to be human‐friendly. An important step is presented toward realization of wearable electronics by developing a hierarchical multiscale hybrid nanocomposite for highly flexible, stretchable, or transparent conductors. The hybrid nanocomposite combines the enhanced mechanical compliance, electrical conductivity, and optical transparency of small CNTs (d ≈ 1.2 nm) and the enhanced electrical conductivity of relatively bigger Ag nanowire (d ≈ 150 nm) backbone to provide efficient multiscale electron transport path with Ag nanowire current backbone collector and local CNT percolation network. The highly elastic hybrid nanocomposite conductors and highly transparent flexible conductors can be mounted on any non‐planar or soft surfaces to realize human‐friendly electronics interface for future wearable electronics.
Highly stretchable, flexible, or transparent conductors are developed from a hierarchical multiscale nanocomposite to realize wearable electronics. The hybrid nanocomposite shows the enhanced mechanical compliance, electrical conductivity, and optical transparency by providing efficient multiscale electron transport path with a relatively big AgNW (d ≈ 150 nm) current backbone collector and local small CNT (d ≈ 1.2 nm) percolation network.
We report the successful generation of (diborylmethyl)zinc(II) species by transmetallation beteween isolable (diborylmethyl)lithium and zinc(II) halide (X=Br, Cl) and their application in the ...synthesis of enantioenriched gem‐diborylalkanes bearing a stereogenic center at the β‐position of the diboryl groups by an asymmetric allylic substitution reaction. The reaction has a broad substrate scope, and various enantioenriched gem‐diborylalkanes can be obtained in good yields with excellent enantioselectivity. Further elaboration of the enantioenriched gem‐diborylalkanes provides access to a diverse set of valuable chiral building blocks.
Asymmetric catalysis: (Diborylmethyl)zinc(II) species have been generated by transmetalation between isolable (diborylmethyl)lithium and zinc(II) halides. The zinc(II) species have been applied to the synthesis of enantioenriched gem‐diborylalkanes through iridium‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction.
A highly stretchable and transparent electrical heater is demonstrated by constructing a partially embedded silver nanowire percolative network on an elastic substrate. The stretchable network heater ...is applied on human wrists under real‐time strain, bending, and twisting, and has potential for lightweight, biocompatible, and versatile wearable applications.
A variable-speed engine generator set for an isolated power system is investigated due to reduced fuel consumption and less emission. However, because of the sluggish dynamic behavior of the internal ...combustion engine, the power quality would be degraded during the sudden load power surge, where the power required by the load is not available by the engine because of the reduced engine speed. An isolated power system based on a variable-speed engine with a supercapacitor bank can improve the dynamic characteristics under such a sudden load change, and power quality, fuel consumption, and emission of pollutants can be improved remarkably. Furthermore, it is verified by the computer simulation and experimental results that the three-phase four-leg inverter is compatible to the isolated power system with an unbalanced load. In this paper, the feasibility of the system has been verified based on a 26-kW commercial diesel engine system.
The future electronics will be soft, flexible and even stretchable to be more human friendly in the form of wearable computers. However, conventional electronic materials are usually brittle. ...Recently, carbon based materials are intensively investigated as a good candidate for flexible electronics but with limited mechanical and electrical performances. Metal is still the best material for electronics with great electrical properties but with poor transparency and mechanical performance. Here we present a simple approach to develop a synthesis method for very long metallic nanowires and apply them as new types of high performance flexible and transparent metal conductors as an alternative to carbon nanotubes, graphene and short nanowire based flexible transparent conductors and indium tin oxide based brittle transparent conductors. We found that very long metallic nanowire network conductors combined with a low temperature laser nano-welding process enabled superior transparent flexible conductors with high transmittance and high electrical conductivity. Further, we demonstrated highly flexible metal conductor LED circuits and transparent touch panels. The highly flexible and transparent metal conductors can be mounted on any non-planar surfaces and applied for various opto-electronics and ultimately for future wearable electronics.
In the drug development process, the accurate prediction of drug efficacy and toxicity is important in order to reduce the cost, labor, and effort involved. For this purpose, conventional 2D cell ...culture models are used in the early phase of drug development. However, the differences between the in vitro and the in vivo systems have caused the failure of drugs in the later phase of the drug‐development process. Therefore, there is a need for a novel in vitro model system that can provide accurate information for evaluating the drug efficacy and toxicity through a closer recapitulation of the in vivo system. Recently, the idea of using microtechnology for mimicking the microscale tissue environment has become widespread, leading to the development of “organ‐on‐a‐chip.” Furthermore, the system is further developed for realizing a multiorgan model for mimicking interactions between multiple organs. These advancements are still ongoing and are aimed at ultimately developing “body‐on‐a‐chip” or “human‐on‐a‐chip” devices for predicting the response of the whole body. This review summarizes recently developed organ‐on‐a‐chip technologies, and their applications for reproducing multiorgan functions.
Recent progresses in organ‐on‐a‐chip and multiorgan‐on‐a‐chip models are summarized in this review. The achievements in creating gut, liver, vascularized models, and multiorgan models are presented. The concepts of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic modeling are introduced for designing and analyzing multiorgan systems. The future direction of the organ‐on‐a‐chip field and the existing challenges in improving the current models are discussed.
CMT welding sources are garnering attention as alternative heat sources for wire arc additive manufacturing because of their low-heat input. A comprehensive experimental and numerical study on the ...multi-layer deposition of STS316L was performed to investigate effect of heat accumulation during the deposition. The numerical model which is appropriate for WAMM was developed considering the characteristics of the CMT heat source for the first time. Using a high-speed camera, the transient behavior of the CMT arc was investigated, and applied to the heat source of the numerical model. The model was then used to analyze 10-layered deposits of STS316L, fabricated using CMT-based WAAM. During deposition, the temperature is measured using a pyrometer to analyze the microstructure, after which the cooling rate of each layer is estimated. The measured and simulated SDAS were compared. Based on the comparison, a guideline for the equation regarding the SDAS size and cooling rate was suggested.
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