The Covid-19 pandemic that emerged in the spring of 2020 caused severe political, social, and economic turmoil throughout the world. In spite of early warning signals from the World Health ...Organization, countries struggled to shape their policy responses and countermeasures for curtailing the spread of the virus while also minimising the damage that any restrictions would inflict on the health and well-being of society at large. While some countries have adopted strict regulations and extraordinary measures after declaring ‘states of exception’ and ‘national emergencies’, others have relied upon expert recommendations and individual responsibility. Sweden is viewed as having adopted one of the latter type of approaches in that it places the responsibility for social distancing upon the individual. Is this an instance of a failed ‘securitisation’ process, or rather a sensible constitutional and political response to a severe security event? This article presents an in-depth analysis of the Swedish strategy for coping with Covid-19, arguing that this case illustrates that security management in a democratic state should direct greater attention to rule following in accordance with a logic of appropriateness rather than the rule breaking envisaged by securitisation theory.
The complex relationships between cardiovascular, renal, and bone disease are increasingly recognized but not yet clearly understood. Vascular calcification (VC) represents a common end point between ...these interlinked systems. It is highly prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and may be responsible for some of the excess cardiovascular events seen in this condition. There is much interest in developing therapeutic agents to stop its development or reverse its progression. Traditionally considered to be due to abnormalities in calcium and phosphate metabolism alone, VC is now known to be the product of active, dynamic processes within the vessel wall. Primary prevention of VC is possible through successful prevention or reversal of progressive renal dysfunction, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia, but is challenging given the increasing global prevalence of these risk factors. Secondary prevention of VC through tight control of calcium and phosphate, can be achieved by dietary or pharmacological means. Both the modification of haemodialysis duration or methods and the use of renal transplantation have an effect. Novel drugs such as cinacalcet were hoped to halt calcification but results have been mixed, and no intervention has yet been shown to reverse calcification reliably. A new range of experimental targets involved in the putative mediatory pathways between bone and vascular disease has emerged. Aiming to manipulate the active mechanisms involved in calcium deposition, these hold hope for reversal of calcification, but are still theoretical or in early animal or human experimentation.
Large bowel obstruction is an important surgical emergency. The cause of obstruction may be benign or malignant, and include large bowel volvulus, polyps, intraperitoneal adhesions, strictures and ...neoplastic growths. Large bowel obstruction caused by gallstone(s) is a very rare phenomenon and not many cases are reported in the English literature. The present report describes a case of large bowel obstruction and faecal peritonitis caused by a gallstone perforating sigmoid colon. A database search (PubMed) did not locate any cases of large bowel perforation by a gallstone in the English literature, and hence this case report may be the first on this subject.
Presented as Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1912.
Cover title. "Reprinted from the Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. XXXIV. No. 9. September, 1912." Includes ...bibliographical references.
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